Bacteria

Question 1

On an antimicrobial susceptibility test, how is methicillin resistance indicated?

Answer 1

Oxacillin - interpretation “R”, implies resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporin, imipenem, and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors and combinations such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. More stable and widely available than methicillin.

Question 2

Bartonella clarridgeiae

Answer 2

Gram-negative bacteria from the genus of Bartonella which was first isolated in the United States. Bartonella clarridgeiae is an zoonotic pathogen which can cause cat scratch disease

Question 3

Bartonella henselae

Answer 3

most common cause of Bartonellosis in cats in the US

Question 4

Bartonella quintana

Answer 4

Trench Fever in humans and is transmitted by the human louse

Question 5

Bartonella vinsonii

Answer 5

has been associated with endocarditis in dogs

Question 6

Bartonella weissii

Answer 6

bovine

Question 7

Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 7

Causative agent of Lyme disease

Question 8

Campylobacteriosis

Answer 8

gram stain and visualize “gull shaped” gram negative rods

dog presentation: mucous-laden diarrhea

Question 9

Clostridium difficile are large, __[growth requirement]__, gram-____, ______-forming motile __[shape]___. The two main virulence toxins are ____ and ____. It is transmitted via the ____ route.

Answer 9

large, obligate anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming motile rod. The two main virulence toxins are toxin A and toxin B. It is transmitted via the fecal oral route. It is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in people. C difficile–associated diarrhea and disease develops spontaneously in a variety of other species including horses, pigs, calves, dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits.

Question 10

Dermatophilus congolensis

Answer 10

Long chain of branching cocci

Question 11

Dichelobacter nodosus

Answer 11

Contagious footrot in sheep

Question 12

Most commonly reported cultures form endocarditis

Answer 12

Stphylococcus aureus, Stretococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erysipelothric, E. coli, and Bartolenna sp.

Question 13

Nocardia

Answer 13

weakly staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It forms partially acid-fast beaded branching filaments (acting as fungi, but being truly bacteria)

opportunistic, noncontagious, pyogranulomatous to suppurative disease of domestic animals, wildlife, and people.

Mastitis, pneumonia, abscesses, and cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions are the major clinical manifestations of nocardiosis in livestock and companion animals.

Question 14

Physiologic effects of endotoxemia

Answer 14

due to bacterial lipopolysaccharide

Question 15

Bacterial equine keratitis is most often caused by

Answer 15

Psuedomonas

Question 16

Pseudomonas

Answer 16

most common cause of bacterial keratitis, gram-negative bacteria. Treat with topic Tobramycin

Question 17

Rickettsia rickettsii

Answer 17

Causative agent fo Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Question 18

Salmonellosis

Answer 18

rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is the causative agent of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis in warm-blooded vertebrates is in most cases associated with serovars of Salmonella enterica. The most common type of infection is the carrier state, in which infected animals carry the pathogen for a variable period of time without showing any clinical signs. Clinical disease is characterized by two major syndromes: a systemic septicemia (also termed as typhoid) and an enteritis. Other less common clinical presentations include abortion, arthritis, respiratory disease, necrosis of extremities, and meningitis

Question 19

Leptospira interrogens serovar Hardjo affects what species?

Answer 19

Cow

Question 20

Leptospira interrogens serovar Pomona affects what species?

Answer 20

Swine, opossums, skunks and racoons

Question 21

Leptospira interrogens serovar Canicola affects what species?

Answer 21

Dog

Question 22

Leptospira interrogens serovar Icterohemorrhagiae affects what species?

Answer 22

Rats

Question 23

Leptospira interrogens serovar Grippotyphosa affects what species?

Answer 23

Mice, muskrats and squirrels

Question 24

Leptospira interrogens serovar Bratislava affects what species?

Answer 24

swine, mice, and horses

Question 25

Most common serovars in canine leptospirosis

Answer 25

Grippotyphosa, pomona, braticlava. In the past Icterohemorrhagiae and canicola were the most common.
The leptospires penetrate mucous membranes or abraded skin and multiply in the blood stream and spread to organs. The antibody response usually limits the response tot he renal tubular epithelial cells. Clinical signs include anorexia, pyrexia, vomiting, dehydration, PU/PD, anuria or oliguria. The standard diagnostic test is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT); be careful when interpreting titers. Leptospirosis is zoonotic.

Question 26

Clostridium novyi type D causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 26

Clostridium novyi type D, an anaerobic organism previously known as Clostridium haemolyticum, is the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria

Question 27

Clostridium novyi type B

Answer 27

Infectious necrotic hepatitis is an acute toxemia primarily of sheep caused by Clostridium novyi type B. Death is sudden, often without clinical signs, and seems to be limited to animals infected with liver flukes. The most characteristic gross lesions are grayish yellow, necrotic foci in hepatic tissue, caused by young, migrating flukes. Control is by disrupting the life cycle of the liver fluke (by reducing populations of the intermediate snail host) and by active immunization with C novyi toxoid.

equine - foal?

Question 28

Clostridium piliforme causes what disease?

Answer 28

“Tyzzer’s Disease” - affects many mammals including rabbits, other rodents, horses, humans, etc. Formerly known as Bacillus piliformis, it is a large (0.2-5 μm) gram negative filamentous rod shaped bacteria

Question 29

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 29

Enterotoxemia, commonly found as part of the normal intestinal microflora of animals and lack some of the powerful toxins produced by strains of other types. C perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is the principal toxin involved in C perfringens foodborne illness and is associated with nonfoodborne diarrheal disease in different animals. C perfringens also produces a necrotizing toxin associated with necrotic enteritis in poultry (see Necrotic Enteritis) and dogs, colitis in horses, and diarrhea in pigs

Question 30

Clostridium botulinum causes what clinical syndrome?

Answer 30

Flaccid paralysis. It produces a toxin that blocks acetylcholine release by binding the presynaptic membrane, this causes progressive paralysis and generalized progressive weakness. Death usually occurs due to respiratory paralysis. The bacteria often proliferate in decomposing animal or plant tissue.

Question 31

Clostridium difficile causes what clinical syndrome?

Answer 31

large, gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming motile rod and is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in people. C difficile–associated diarrhea and disease develops spontaneously in a variety of other species including horses, pigs, calves, dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits

Question 32

Clostridium chauvoei causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 32

“black leg” / clostridial myositis in cattle and sheep

Question 33

Clostridium novyi type A causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 33

in cattle: low morbidity and high mortality; sings of small intestinal obstruction develop, and if feces are passed they are very dark and bloody.

Question 34

Clostridium novyi type C causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 34

“big head” in sheep, Treatment with penicillin is usually effective. Culling or treating all animals in unnecessary as Clostridium is found in the soil and feces of healthy animals. Bighead is caused when the organism enters through wounds obtained during head-butting activities. The disease can be fatal if untreated. The key to reducing the incidence of this disease is management to reduce head wounds and vaccination with multivalent clostridial toxoids.

Question 35

Clostridium septicum causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 35

can also cause “black leg”

Question 36

Clostridium sordellii causes what clinical syndrome in what species?

Answer 36

can also cause “black leg”

Question 37

List 5 uncommon gram-positive bacterial infections in dogs and cats

Answer 37

rhodococcus equi, corynebacterium spp, listeria monocytogenes, erysipelothrix spp, bacillus anthracis

Question 38

What are the two major groups of gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 38

Enterobacterales and non-enterobacterales

Question 39

How many different types of C perfrigens are there and how many toxins can they produce?

Answer 39

5 Types A, B, C, D and E. Produce 4 toxins alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins.

Question 40

Clostridium perfringens Type A causes a _____ enteritis

Answer 40

hemorrhagic

Question 41

Clostridium perfringens type B may not exist in north america but causes lamb ____ and enterotoxemia of ___

Answer 41

lamb dysentry and enterotoxemia of foals

Question 42

Clostridium perfringens type C causes _____ of calves, lambs, kids, piglets, foals and humans. There may be ___ diarrhea progressing to brownish or hemorrhagic before sudden death.

Answer 42

Neonatal hemorrhagic/nectrotic enteritis. There may be yellowish diarrhea progressing to brown or hemorrhagic before sudden death. In most animals beyond neonates, the milk contains trypsin inhibitors that inactivate the toxin

Question 43

Clostridium perfringens type D aka ____ or ___ disease is associated with ____

Answer 43

overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease in sheep; associated with fast growing animals on good diet

Question 44

Clostridium perfringens in type E mainly affects ____

Answer 44

rabbits

Question 45

Vaccines for clostridial diseases requires:

Answer 45

2 doses 2-4 weeks apart (B, C and D available)