Bacteria Flashcards
On an antimicrobial susceptibility test, how is methicillin resistance indicated?
Oxacillin - interpretation “R”, implies resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporin, imipenem, and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors and combinations such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. More stable and widely available than methicillin.
Bartonella clarridgeiae
Gram-negative bacteria from the genus of Bartonella which was first isolated in the United States. Bartonella clarridgeiae is an zoonotic pathogen which can cause cat scratch disease
Bartonella henselae
most common cause of Bartonellosis in cats in the US
Bartonella quintana
Trench Fever in humans and is transmitted by the human louse
Bartonella vinsonii
has been associated with endocarditis in dogs
Bartonella weissii
bovine
Borrelia burgdorferi
Causative agent of Lyme disease
Campylobacteriosis
gram stain and visualize “gull shaped” gram negative rods
dog presentation: mucous-laden diarrhea
Clostridium difficile are large, __[growth requirement]__, gram-____, ______-forming motile __[shape]___. The two main virulence toxins are ____ and ____. It is transmitted via the ____ route.
large, obligate anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming motile rod. The two main virulence toxins are toxin A and toxin B. It is transmitted via the fecal oral route. It is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in people. C difficile–associated diarrhea and disease develops spontaneously in a variety of other species including horses, pigs, calves, dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits.
Dermatophilus congolensis
Long chain of branching cocci
Dichelobacter nodosus
Contagious footrot in sheep
Most commonly reported cultures form endocarditis
Stphylococcus aureus, Stretococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erysipelothric, E. coli, and Bartolenna sp.
Nocardia
weakly staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It forms partially acid-fast beaded branching filaments (acting as fungi, but being truly bacteria)
opportunistic, noncontagious, pyogranulomatous to suppurative disease of domestic animals, wildlife, and people.
Mastitis, pneumonia, abscesses, and cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions are the major clinical manifestations of nocardiosis in livestock and companion animals.
Physiologic effects of endotoxemia
due to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Bacterial equine keratitis is most often caused by
Psuedomonas
Pseudomonas
most common cause of bacterial keratitis, gram-negative bacteria. Treat with topic Tobramycin
Rickettsia rickettsii
Causative agent fo Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Salmonellosis
rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is the causative agent of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis in warm-blooded vertebrates is in most cases associated with serovars of Salmonella enterica. The most common type of infection is the carrier state, in which infected animals carry the pathogen for a variable period of time without showing any clinical signs. Clinical disease is characterized by two major syndromes: a systemic septicemia (also termed as typhoid) and an enteritis. Other less common clinical presentations include abortion, arthritis, respiratory disease, necrosis of extremities, and meningitis
Leptospira interrogens serovar Hardjo affects what species?
Cow
Leptospira interrogens serovar Pomona affects what species?
Swine, opossums, skunks and racoons
Leptospira interrogens serovar Canicola affects what species?
Dog
Leptospira interrogens serovar Icterohemorrhagiae affects what species?
Rats
Leptospira interrogens serovar Grippotyphosa affects what species?
Mice, muskrats and squirrels
Leptospira interrogens serovar Bratislava affects what species?
swine, mice, and horses
Most common serovars in canine leptospirosis
Grippotyphosa, pomona, braticlava. In the past Icterohemorrhagiae and canicola were the most common.
The leptospires penetrate mucous membranes or abraded skin and multiply in the blood stream and spread to organs. The antibody response usually limits the response tot he renal tubular epithelial cells. Clinical signs include anorexia, pyrexia, vomiting, dehydration, PU/PD, anuria or oliguria. The standard diagnostic test is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT); be careful when interpreting titers. Leptospirosis is zoonotic.
Clostridium novyi type D causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
Clostridium novyi type D, an anaerobic organism previously known as Clostridium haemolyticum, is the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria
Clostridium novyi type B
Infectious necrotic hepatitis is an acute toxemia primarily of sheep caused by Clostridium novyi type B. Death is sudden, often without clinical signs, and seems to be limited to animals infected with liver flukes. The most characteristic gross lesions are grayish yellow, necrotic foci in hepatic tissue, caused by young, migrating flukes. Control is by disrupting the life cycle of the liver fluke (by reducing populations of the intermediate snail host) and by active immunization with C novyi toxoid.
equine - foal?
Clostridium piliforme causes what disease?
“Tyzzer’s Disease” - affects many mammals including rabbits, other rodents, horses, humans, etc. Formerly known as Bacillus piliformis, it is a large (0.2-5 μm) gram negative filamentous rod shaped bacteria
Clostridium perfringens
Enterotoxemia, commonly found as part of the normal intestinal microflora of animals and lack some of the powerful toxins produced by strains of other types. C perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is the principal toxin involved in C perfringens foodborne illness and is associated with nonfoodborne diarrheal disease in different animals. C perfringens also produces a necrotizing toxin associated with necrotic enteritis in poultry (see Necrotic Enteritis) and dogs, colitis in horses, and diarrhea in pigs
Clostridium botulinum causes what clinical syndrome?
Flaccid paralysis. It produces a toxin that blocks acetylcholine release by binding the presynaptic membrane, this causes progressive paralysis and generalized progressive weakness. Death usually occurs due to respiratory paralysis. The bacteria often proliferate in decomposing animal or plant tissue.
Clostridium difficile causes what clinical syndrome?
large, gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming motile rod and is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in people. C difficile–associated diarrhea and disease develops spontaneously in a variety of other species including horses, pigs, calves, dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits
Clostridium chauvoei causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
“black leg” / clostridial myositis in cattle and sheep
Clostridium novyi type A causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
in cattle: low morbidity and high mortality; sings of small intestinal obstruction develop, and if feces are passed they are very dark and bloody.
Clostridium novyi type C causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
“big head” in sheep, Treatment with penicillin is usually effective. Culling or treating all animals in unnecessary as Clostridium is found in the soil and feces of healthy animals. Bighead is caused when the organism enters through wounds obtained during head-butting activities. The disease can be fatal if untreated. The key to reducing the incidence of this disease is management to reduce head wounds and vaccination with multivalent clostridial toxoids.
Clostridium septicum causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
can also cause “black leg”
Clostridium sordellii causes what clinical syndrome in what species?
can also cause “black leg”
List 5 uncommon gram-positive bacterial infections in dogs and cats
rhodococcus equi, corynebacterium spp, listeria monocytogenes, erysipelothrix spp, bacillus anthracis
What are the two major groups of gram-negative bacteria?
Enterobacterales and non-enterobacterales
How many different types of C perfrigens are there and how many toxins can they produce?
5 Types A, B, C, D and E. Produce 4 toxins alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins.
Clostridium perfringens Type A causes a _____ enteritis
hemorrhagic
Clostridium perfringens type B may not exist in north america but causes lamb ____ and enterotoxemia of ___
lamb dysentry and enterotoxemia of foals
Clostridium perfringens type C causes _____ of calves, lambs, kids, piglets, foals and humans. There may be ___ diarrhea progressing to brownish or hemorrhagic before sudden death.
Neonatal hemorrhagic/nectrotic enteritis. There may be yellowish diarrhea progressing to brown or hemorrhagic before sudden death. In most animals beyond neonates, the milk contains trypsin inhibitors that inactivate the toxin
Clostridium perfringens type D aka ____ or ___ disease is associated with ____
overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease in sheep; associated with fast growing animals on good diet
Clostridium perfringens in type E mainly affects ____
rabbits
Vaccines for clostridial diseases requires:
2 doses 2-4 weeks apart (B, C and D available)
