Canine Flashcards
Ancylostoma caninum aka the ____ is treated with ____. This parasite migrates from ___ to ___ and end up in the ____ where they cause ___. This is also the cause of ____ in humans.
Hookworm; treat with Ivermectin, fenbendazole, pyrantel, or butamisole. Can penetrate through the skin of young pups and migrate to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed and mature in the small intestine. There, the worms suck blood and cause bleeding ulcers; up to 0.1 ml of blood per worm can be lost per day. Aberrant migration under the skin of infected people results in cutaneous larva migrans.
Aortic stenosis treatment
Medical management with beta blockers (ex. atenolol) used to reduce myocardial oxygen demand, thus reducing the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias.The owner should also be warned to the dog will need prophylactic antibiotics for any situation in which the dog may develop a bacteremia since it is at high risk of developing infective endocarditis.
Avascular necrosis (Legg-Calves-Perthes Disease) refers to _____. The cause is ____.
Results in a collapse or fragmentation of the femoral epiphysis because of a disruption in blood flow. The cause of blood flow interruption is unknown. The condition occurs in young small-breed dogs prior to closure of the capital femoral physis. The condition can be seen bilaterally in 10-17% of patients. Dogs are usually 6-7 months of age when they first start showing clinical signs but the age may range from 3-13 months. Treatment with a femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) generally yields excellent results. Alternatively, if owners demand perfect biomechanics, a total hip replacement may be considered, but most veterinarians tend to recommend an FHO.
Blastomycosis is common in what geographical location? What kind of budding does it do?
Broad-bases buddy organism. Dog likely has a history of travel to the Ohio River alley.
Blood profile with hypervitaminosis D
High Ca and High P
Excessive intake of vitamin D is associated with an increase in 25-hyroxyvitamin D3 levels. At high levels, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 competes with 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 for its receptors on the intestines and bone causing increased absorption of Ca and P from te intestinal tract and resorption of bone causing increased levels of circulating Ca and P. A common source of confusion in that this is in contrast to PTH which causes high Ca but generally causes unchanged or normal phosphorus because it also enhances renal phosphorus excretion.
Campylobacteriosis
mucous-laden diarrhea. Gram-negative “gull shaped” rods, single or in pairs or chains.
Dogs from __ to ____ months are most susceptible to Canine Distemper. This is a _____ virus of the family _____. Before this age they are protected by _____. This virus is highly contagious and spreads via ____. Clinical signs include _____. Diagnosis is by _____. The virus is shed for several weeks after infection, however it only lasts ___ at room temperature. It can be disinfected with ____. Vaccination is the cornerstone of distemper prevention. _____ are preferred in the shelter whereas _____ are fine to use in ____ populations.
Dogs from 3-6 months are most susceptible to Canine Distemper. This is a single stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. Before this age they are protected by maternally derived antibodies. This virus is highly contagious and spreads via aerosolized respiratory secretions. Clinical signs include diarrhea, respiratory signs and seizures. Diagnosis is by immunofluorescent assay on respiratory epithelium. The virus is shed for several weeks after infection, however it only survives a few hours in the environment at room temperature. It can be disinfected with most commonly used disinfectants. Vaccination is the cornerstone of distemper prevention. The modified live virus is preferred in shelters due to unknown vaccination status of the mother, however the recombinant vaccine can be used in known-vaccinated populations.
canine familial dermatomyositis
Collies
Canine Tracheobronchitis
Caused by canine parainfluenza virus
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Patient has a problem with the function of the hypothalamus (ADH production) and/or neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary (ADH release) so the patient can not respond to the changes in the serum osmolality or blood volume and pressure. The urine specific gravity of a CDI patient is usually 1.001-1.007. The kidneys have no problem responding to ADH in CDI patients. There is a lack of the hormone, not an over-abundance.
Chronic Superficial Keratitis (CSK)
(Pannus or Uberreiter’s disease) immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the cornea, particularly seen in GSDs due to UV light exposure. It is believed that the UV light alters corneal proteins leading to an immune reaction. It is treated with topic steroids and cyclosporine, and animals ofter require lifelong therapy.
Coccidiocomycosis
Spherules - pic in screen shots
Clinical history: chronic cough and development of lameness with lesions over lameness. Chest radiographs - diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern which is nodular in some regions. Hilar lymphadenopathy. Treat with prolonged fungal treatment. Fluconazole is the treatment of choice. Ketoconazole and itraconazole are good choices.
Coonhound paralysis (idopathic polyradiculoneuritis)
may be seen after a raccoon bite, systemic illness, or vaccination; the cause is often unknown. Cranial nerve involvement is usually limited tot he facial and pharyngeal/laryngeal region. Additionally, diffuse hyperesthesia may be present with Coonhound paralysis.
Corneal dermoid
congenital tumour in Dog and Cat
Cricopharyngeal dysphagia
congenital disorder characterized by incoordination of swallow reflex.
Demodex canis
Commensal mite, secondary to an underlying disease or immunosuppression. There are several treatment options. Amitraz (Mitaban) is the only FDA approved one but difficult to get a hold of and use (is a dip and must be administered in a hospital). Ivermectin and milbemycin are also used to treat this condition “off-label” To stop treatment: requires two negative skin scrapes one month apart
Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum
is not pathogenic and is therefore not treated.microfilaria parasite found in the peripheral blood of dogs. Blood parasite that looks similar to the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis, the agent of Heartworm disease. The two parasites must be differentiated because Dipetalonema reconditum
Dirofilaria immitis
canine heartworm
Dystocia
most common cause is uterine inertia, followed by malpresentation, fetal oversize, narrow canal, and malformation
Eclampsia
Should be suspected in a nursing dog with neurologic signs, pain or stiffness. It is due to reduction in serum-ionized calcium secondary to the demand of producing large amounts of milk. Treatment is with calcium supplementation.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
group of connective tissue disorders that are characterised by fragile, stretchy and loose skin, caused by a genetic defect in the production of collagen
Emphysematous cystitis
Caused by the presence of gas-forming bacteria. Even if a patient is asymptomatic, emphysematous cystitis typically has an underlying cause that should be determined and treated. The most common rule outs include Cushing’s disease (ACTH stimulation test), diabetes mellitus (urinalysis to look for glucosuria), chronic urinary tract infections (urine culture) and bladder stones. Once the underlying disease process is treated, the cystitis will typically resolve with antibiotic therapy.
Extraocular polymyositis
golden retriever
Familial Shar Pei Fever (FSF)
high fever and unilateral or bilateral tarsal swelling. The swelling affects tissues around the joint, rather than with the tarsus itself. FSF also predisposed to amyloidosis, resulting in proteinuria.
Fanconi syndrome
are renal disorder of dogs in which the proximal renal tubules of the kidney do not properly reabsorb electrolytes and nutrients back into the body, but instead “spill” them in the urine - particularly Basenjis dogs. Leads to hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
Typically occurs with repositioning of the pylorus to the left dorsal abdomen. Right lateral best positions for revealing a gas filled left dorsally-displaced pylorus with a gas-filled ventral fundus separated by a soft tissue band (compartmented stomach).
The stomach is likely to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction if looking att eh patient from cranial to caudal, clockwise from surgeon’s perspective (caudal to cranial)
Hansen’s Type 1 disc disease
In chondrodystrophic breeds such as the dachshund and the bassett hound, the nucleus pulposus undergoes chondroid degeneration. These breeds are genetically predisposed to such pathology and changes such as mineralisation are normally apparent in more than one disc by the time the dog is one year old. The abnormal disc may bulge, chronically impinging on the ventral cord and producing slow onset of clinical signs
Hansen’s Type 2 disc disease
more common in older, large breed dogs such as the German Shepard Dog. IVDD type II involves fibroid degeneration of the nucleus pulposus and protrusion of the annulus fibrosis. Over time the fibroid tissue in the disc is replaced by collagenous tissue. At the same time, hypertrophy of the surrounding annulus occurs, causing progressive compression of the spinal cord. Mineralisation of the discs is rare.
Clinical signs are normally insidious but the dog may present acutely. It is common for the dog to only show signs of dynamic compression of the spinal cord, for example when jumping. As the onset of disease is normally gradual and progressive, so clinical signs are normally less severe on presentation
Heartworm preventative
ivermectin or milbemycin once monthly
Heinz body anemia
regenerative anemia
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)
severe form of gastrointestinal disease that is very common among small dogs. Aggressive fluid therapy is extremely important for these patients to prevent shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and renal failure. And abnormally high PCV can be a good indicator of this disease if there is a history of bloody diarrhea. Anti-nausea and gastroprotective medications may help the patient to feel better, but aggressive fluid therapy is the most important treatment for these patients.
Histiocytomas
In young dogs, localized masses along the head, ears, and limbs - a benign collection of histiocytes with a few other inflammatory cells present. They occur in young dogs and often resolve after a few months. A few histiocytomas can ulcerate, and multiple histiocytomas can be found on one animals. Those that do not regress on their own can be surgically excised. FNA will often give a conclusive diagnosis.
Hyperadrenocorticism
“Cushing’s disease” more commonly occurs in older, large breed dogs. Thinning and increased fragility of the skin, Calcinosis cutis, weight gain due to slower metabolism, usually have normal appetite, PU/PD
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
affects the metaphysis
condition seen in young, growing large breed dogs. Affects the metaphyses of all long bones and appears as an abnormal radiolucent line within the metaphysis. The disease is usually self-limiting but can cause limb deformities or systemic illness. The etiology is unknown but may be correlated with Ca/P levels and balance, vitamin C deficiency, and certain diseases including distemper
Hypoadrenocorticism Labwork shows….
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, (Na:K <27)azotemia, anemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, and low resting cortisol level or low ACTH stimulation test result.
Hypoproteinemia chemistry panel
low calcium but does not typically result in clinical signs of hypocalcemia in dogs. The calcium measured on a chemistry panel is the protein bound calcium, which will appear low if the animal is hypoproteinemic. The ionized calcium is the active form and is not affected by an animal having a low blood protein level; therefore the total calcium on a chemistry panel is low due to hypoproteinemia, you should not see clinical signs of hypocalcemia as long as the ionized calcium is normal.
Hypothyroid
fat, lazy, heat seeking missiles for skin disease
weight gain, alopecia, pyoderma, lethargy, seborrhea. prognosis good, continued therapy required. Low serum T4 and high serum cTSH (but not PU/PD)
Treatment: Sodium levothyroxine (Soloxine) which is a synthetic T4
Immune-mediated polyarthritis
erosive (rare; <1%) and non-erosive forms
Akitas and Shar-pei predisposed
associated with a variety of system disease or precipitating factors.
Diagnosed by synovial fluid analysis
Treatment: of idiopathic IMPA centers on immunosuppressive therapy, often staring with prednisone and sometimes including an additional immunosuppressive drug such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide.
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
spherocytes, autoagglutination, and positive Coombs test are all specific to IMHA, will also see regenerative anemia
Iron Deficiency
microcytic, hypochromic, non-regenerative anemia. (reticulocyte counts under 60,000/ul are typically considered non-regenerative in most labs) The most common cause is from chronic blood loss in gastrointestinal tract disease such as an ulcer or cancerous lesion.
KCal requirements
(70 x BW^0.75) or (30 x BW +70)
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) arises due to inadequate production of the ___ portion of the tear film. This part of the tear film is normally produced by the ____ gland and gland of the ____. The cause of KCS is typically ____ but it may also arise from long term ____ or _____ toxicity.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) arises due to inadequate production of the aqueous portion of the tear film. This part of the tear film is normally produced by the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid. The cause of KCS is typically immune-mediated but may also arise from long term atropine and sulfonamide toxicity
Large choroidal vessels in collie
congenital ocular anomaly
Leishmaniasis
caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bites of female phlebotomine sand flies
promastigotes invade host macrophages and replicate as intracellular amastigotes
Treatment: Allopurinol - can remain carriers after treatment
Level of blood glucose to spill over into urine
>180
Malassezia infection of the claws
Produce a red-brown discoloration. Clinical signs: biting at the nails (sing of pruritis), multiple claws are infected, and the dog has other symptoms of allergy (pruritis in the summer months), which could be this patient’s underlying disease.
Medial patellar luxation repair
Wedge resection (deeper trochlear groove for the patella to slide in), lateral imbrication, transposition of the tibial tuberosity (both will help pull the patella a little more laterally, as they are usually predisposed to luxating medially)
Medical management of pyometra
Options include prostaglandins to induce regression of corpora lutea, which relaxes the cervix and stimulates myometrial contractions, promoting expulsion of the uterine contents. Additional options include dopamine agonists (such as cabergoline and bromocriptine), which act to inhibit prolactin production from the pituitary gland. Patients should be monitored frequently during and after medical management of pyometra and should improve within 2-4 days. Successfully treated bitches should be bred during their next cycle after treatment.
Microsporum canis
one of three most common dermatophytes affection dogs and cat. Cat source of primary infection.
Microsporum gypseum
one of three most common dermatophytes affection dogs and cat. Soil source of primary infection. Common is dogs that dig - prevention of digging part of treatment plan.
Most common epulis or gingival mass
Focal fibrous hyperplasia
Mucin
Substance responsible for the wrinkled appearance of Shar Peis
Mucocele
Usual presentation is a mass on the neck that may be painful and may produce saliva on aspiration.
Multiple myeloma
Diagnosis requires a least two of the following criteria:
- Monoclonal gammopathy
- radiographic evidence of osteolytic lesions
- >5% neoplastic cells or >10-20% plasma cells in the bone marrow
- Immunoglobulin light chain proteinuria (Bence-Jones proteinuria)
Myasthenia gravis
Clinical signs: megaesophagus and weakness
Treatment: Pyridostigmine
Nasal aspergillosis
definitive diagnosis provided by histopathology
Neorichettsia helminthoeca
“salmon poisoning” etiologic agent which is vectored by the intestinal fluke, Nanophyetus salmincola. Dog gets the disease by eating the salmonid fish infected with the cercaria of the fluke, which harbors rickettsia. Clinical signs along with finding fluke eggs int he feces of the dog is usually enough to make the diagnosis.
Treatment: tratracycline antibiotics
Pancreatitis
Dogs on high-fat diet at risk, both in frequency and severity.
Pemphigous vulgaris
auto-immune disease causing vesicles, ulceration, and crusting. It can affect the whole body, but it especially affects the mucocutaneous junctions and oral mucosa. The onset of the disease can be sudden (acute) or gradual over many weeks (chronic). The disorder is caused by an IgG autoantibody that binds to intracellular adhesion molecules (desmoglein) causing a loss of cohesion between keratinocytes resulting in acantholysis, vesicle formation, and eventual ulceration. The treatment is immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and frequently additional immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, or others. Unfortunately, long-term therapy is generally required and these treatments cause serious side-effects long-term. Prognosis is poor and euthanasia is often performed.
Perianal adenoma
testosterone dependent
Perianal fistula
Primarily immune-mediated. Treat with immunosuppressive therapy, perhaps with cyclosporine, is the initial treatment choice. Surgical used to be treatment of choice, but carries a guarded prognosis due to the risk of fecal incontinence. German Shepherds are predisposed to development of perianal fistulas.
Pneumonyassoides caninum
Nasal mite than can result in facial pruritus. Dogs are mainly affected. Diagnosis is by mite identification grossly with rhinoscopy or in nasal flushes.
Portosystemic shunts
Toy breeds, particularly Yorkshire Terriers, are predisposed to congenital, single, extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Large breed dogs with congenital liver shunts tend to develop intrahepatic shunts. Acquired shunts in older animals are almost always extrahepatic.
Primary Glaucoma progression
if one eye is affected, the other will also develop glaucoma in 6-12 months
Prostitis
Enrofloxacin
Pyoderma culture
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Pyoderma is common in dogs because the canine stratum corneum is a less efficient barrier to bacteria than in other species. Dogs lack an ostial plug in their follicles, a characteristic which allows bacteria to invade and colonize more readily. Mixed bacterial infections are possible, but Staph. pseudintermedius is the most common primary bacterial invader.
Pyometra culture
e. coli most common bacteria cultured
Radial hemimelia
Hemimelia is a developmental anomaly that is caused by the absence or shortening of a section of bone in the associated limb. Radial hemimelia has been reported in the dog.
Ruptured cranial cruciate ligament treatment
leveling of the tibial plateau, cranial transportation of the fibular head, and weight reduction
Sarcocystis cruzi
Ruminant is intermediate host and dog definitive host. Life-cycle involves carnivore eating an infected cow which has cysts in the muscle. Then the cyst eventually forms sporocysts which are shed in feces and subsequently eaten by more cows. The sporocysts then hatch and penetrate artery walls and hang out in the endothelium to develop into sporozoites and eventually become merozoites at which time they invade and encyst as sarcocysts.
Sarcoptes scabiei
Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease found in dogs, caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. These mites will burrow through the skin causing intense itching and irritation. The scratching that results from mange is what causes the majority of the animal’s hair to fall out
zoonotic
Simonsiella
normal inhabitant of the nasopharynx
Spirocerca lupi
esophageal worm, found in the esophageal, aortic, and gastric walls of dogs that have eaten infected dung beetles, chickens, reptiles, or rodents. Chronic infection may cause neoplastic transformation of the surrounding tissues into sarcomas or rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage of the aorta. Treatment is ivermectin or doramectin.
Stages of Parturition
Stage 1: Typically 6-12 hours and can persist for up to 36 hours. In this stage, it is expected fro the dog to exhibit panting, trembling, nesting behavior, and restlessness. Occasionally dogs will also vomit. At this point, there is subclinical uterine contraction and dilation of the cervix.
Stage 2: will also last 6-12 hours (and persist up to 36 hours) as is characterized by abdominal straining which coincides with uterine contraction. Puppy delivery occurs during stage 2 at an interval of 30-60 min (up to 4 hours).
Stage 3 involves expulsion of fetal membranes as well as involution of the uterus. Fetal membranes are usually passed 5-15 minutes after birth of a pup before another puppy can be delivered from the same horn.
Thick greenish discharge (lochia) is seen in all stages of labor and may persist for up to three weeks. Complete uterine involution and endometrial recovery in approximately 3 months.
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Primary bacteria cultured in canine pyoderma
Subaortic stenosis
treat with beta-blockers such as atenolol to reduce myocardial oxygen demand, less the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, and provide cardiac muscle protection. Owners should be warned that the dog should receive prophylactic antibiotics for any situation in which the dog may develop a bacteremia since subaortic stenosis is known to carry a high risk of developing infective endocarditis (i.e. prior to surgical or dental procedures)
Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS)
Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism have an increased incidence of SARDS. SARDS is frequently seen in middle-aged obese spayed females and often have signs of PU/PD and polyphagia as well as increased liver enzymes and cholesterol. The reason for the association of Cushing’s disease and SARDS is poorly understood
This 6 month old Weimeraner presents for this lesion. He is pyrexic and reluctant to walk. You should ask the owners if the dog ____ recently to support a diagnosis of ____. This condition should resolve with ___.
Ask about recent vaccination to support diagnosis of hypertrophic osteodystrophy. This condition should resolve with a course of prednisone. Weimeraners are predisposed.
What is this called and how would you treat it?
Craniomandibular osteopathy; treat supportively with NSAIDs
What diseases do Ixodes spp cause?
Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged/deer) -> anaplasma, lyme
Ixodes pacificus (western blacklegged) -> anaplasma
Which stage of estrous is this? Describe.
This is anestrus because there is low cellularity and the epithelial cells are mostly parabasal
Which types of vaginal epithelial cells are non-cornified? What does their nucleus look like?
parabasal and intermediate cells have a stippled nucleus
Which are the cornified vaginal cells? What does the nucleus look like?
Superficial cells and anuclear cells are cornified, the nucleus is NOT stippled and is either pyknotic or absent
If this dog has high progesterone (>5ng/ml) and this vaginal cytology, it is in ____
diestrus
If this dog has low progesterone (<5ng/ml) and this vaginal cytology, it is in _____
proestrus
