Toxic responses of the Kidney

Question 1

The kidney is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:

a. synthesis of renin
b. acid-base balance
c. reabsorption of electrolytes
d. regulation of extracellular fluid
e. release of angiotensin.

Answer 1

e. release of angiotensin.

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT contribute to filtrate formation in the nephron?

a. capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. positive charge of glomerular capillary wall
c. hydraulic permeability of glomerular capillary wall
d. colloid oncotic pressure.
e. size of filtration slits

Answer 2

b. positive charge of glomerular capillary wall

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the loop of Henle?

a. There is reabsorption of filtered Na+ and K+
b. Tubular fluid in the thin descending limb is iso-osmotic to the renal interstitium.
c. Water is freely permeable in the thin ascending limb.
d. Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the thin ascending limb
e. The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water

Answer 3

c. Water is freely permeable in the thin ascending limb.

Question 4

The kidneys constitute 0.5% of total body mass and receive approximately how much of the resting cardiac output?

a. 0.5-1%
b. 5%
c. 10%
d. 20-25%
e. 50-60%

Answer 4

d. 20-25%

Question 5

Which of the following is most likely to occur after a toxic insult to the kidney?

a. GFR will decrease in the unaffected kidney
b. Tight-junction integrity will increase in the nephron
c. The unaffected cells will undergo atrophy and proliferation.
d. Clinical tests will likely show normal renal function.
e. Glomerulotubular balance is lost

Answer 5

d. Clinical tests will likely show normal renal function.

Question 6

Chronic renal failure does not typiclly result in :

a. decrease in GFR of viable nephrons
b. Glomerulosclerosis
c. tubular atrophy
d. increased glomerular pressures
e. altered capillary permeability

Answer 6

a. decrease in GFR of viable nephrons

Question 7

All of the following statements regarding toxicity to the kidney are true EXCEPT:

a. concentration of toxins in tubular fluid increase the likelihood that the toxin will diffuse into tubular cells
b. Drugs in the systemic circulation are delivered to the kidneys at relatively high amounts
c. The distal convoluted tubule is the most common site of toxicant-induced renal injury
d. Immune complex deposition within the glomeruli can lead to glomerulonephritis
e. antibodies and/or antifungal drugs affect the functioning of the nephron at multiple locations

Answer 7

c. The distal convoluted tubule is the most common site of toxicant-induced renal injury

Question 8

Which of the following test results is NOT correctly paired with the underlying kidney problem?

a. increased urine volume- defect in ADH synthesis
b. glucosuria- defect in ADH synthesis
c. proteinuria- glomerluar damage
e. proteinuria- proximal tubular injury
e. brush-border enzymuria- glomeronephritis

Answer 8

e. brush-border enzymuria- glomeronephritis

Question 9

Renal cell injury is NOT commonly mediated by which of the following mechanisms?

a. loss of membrane integrity
b. impairment of mitochondrial function
c. increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
d. increased Na+. K+-ATPase activity
e. caspase activation

Answer 9

d. increased Na+. K+-ATPase activity

Question 10

Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to nephrotoxicants?

a. Mercury poisoning can lead to proximal tubular necrosis and acute renal failure
b. Cisplatin may cause nephrotoxicity because of its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis
c. Chronic consumption of NSAIDs results in nephro-toxicity that is reversible with time
d. Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity can result in ADH-resistant polyuria
e. Acetaminophen becomes nephrotoxic via activation by renal cytochrome P450

Answer 10

c. Chronic consumption of NSAIDs results in nephro-toxicity that is reversible with time