TOPICS IS PSYCHOLOTY QUIZ 2 KOHLBERGS MORAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

P.143 reading 19: how moral are you?

define morals?

Answer 1

morals are those attitudes and beliefs that help people decide the difference between and degrees of right and wrong. (psychologist definition)

Question 2

p.143

how are the concepts of morality determined?

Answer 2

our concepts of morality are determined by the rules and norms of conduct that are set forth by the culture in which we have been raised and that have been internalized by us.

Question 3

p. 143

is morality part of us at birth?

Answer 3

no, morality is not part of us at birth. but as we develop through childhood into adolescence and adulthood, our ideas about right and wrong developed along with us.

Question 4

p. 143

how did your moralities go from a set of cultural rules to part of who we are?

Answer 4

Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg (1927 - 1987) are tow of the most famous and influental figures in the history of research on the formation of morality.

Question 5

p. 143
1=where did Kohlberg do his research?
2= whose work did Kohlberg incorporated and expanded?
3= what was the question that Kohlberg was addressing?

Answer 5

the University of Chicago
2= kohlberg’s research incorporated and expanded on Piaget’s ideas about intellectual and development and sparked a new wave of interest.
3= “how does the amoral infant become capable of moral reasoning?

Question 6

p. 143
1= what did Kohlberg theorized?

2= what did this let him to believe?

3= And how did this believe let Kohlberg to explain it?

4= what was his conclution?

Answer 6

using Piaget’s work as a starting point Kohlbert theorized that the uniquely human ability to make moral judgments develops in a predictable way during childhood.

2= led him to believe that specific, identifiable STAGES of moral development are related and similar in concept to Piaget’s stages of INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT.

3= Kohlberg explained that “the child can internalize the moral values of his parents and culture and make them his own only as he comes to relate these values to a comprehended social order and to his own goals as a social self”(Kohlberg 1964)

4= in other words, a child must reach a certain stage of intellectual ability in order to develop a certain level of MORALITY.

Question 7

p. 143
what was Kohlberg’s theory called?

p. 144
when Kohlberg referred to “structural moral stages in childhood and adolescence” what did he mean?

1. what did he conclude from this?

Answer 7

Kohlberg’s theory of moral Development.

p. 144
he meant that:
a) each stage is uniquely different kind of moral thinking and not just an increased understanding of an adult concept of morality.
b) the stages always occur in the same step by step sequence so that no stage is ever skipped and there is rarely any backward progression;
c) the stages are PREPOTENT, meaning that children comprehend all the stages below their own and perhaps have some understanding of no more than one stage above.

1. that Children are incapable of understanding higher stages, regardless of encouragement, teaching, or learning.

Question 8

p. 144

at what stage are children function?

Answer 8

children function at the highest moral stage they have reached.

Question 9

p. 144

what does the FORMULATION STAGE of moral development tell us?

Answer 9

this stage of FORMULATION OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT tell us that the stages are UNIVERSAL AND OCCUR in the same order, regardless of individual differences in environment, experience, or culture.

Question 10

p. 144

How can Kohlberg’s theory of formation of morality be explored?

Answer 10

by giving children at various ages the opportunity to make moral judgments. and if the children’s reasoning to make moral decisions could be found to progress predictably at increasing ages, this would be evidence that his stage theory was essentially correct.

Question 11

p. 144 : method:

what did Kohlberg use in his method?

Answer 11

he presented children of varying ages with 10 hypothetical moral dilemmas.
= each child was interviewed for 2 hours, and question about the moral issues presented in the dilemmas.
=

Question 12

p. 144
what were two of Kohlberg’s most widely cited moral dilemmas?

A) who were the participants in Kohlberg’s original study?

Answer 12

1= The Brother’s Dilemma.

2= The Heinz Dilemma.

A) in Kohlberg’s original study, 72 boys participated living in the Chicago suburbs.
=in three different age groups: 10, 13, and 16 years old.
= half were from lower middle class socioeconomic brackets
= half were from upper middle class brackets.
= they were interviewed for 2 hours, and expressed between 50 and 150 moral ideas or statements.

Question 13

p. 144

explain the Brother’s dilemma?

Answer 13

The Brother’s Dilemma:
Joe’s father he could go to camp if he earned the $50 for it, and then changed his mind and asked Joe to give him the money he had earned.
Joe LIED and said he had only earned $10 and went to camp using the other $40 he had made.
before he went, he told his younger brother, Alex, about the money and about lying to their father.
Should Alex tell their father?

Question 14

p. 144

Explain the Heinz Dilemma?

Answer 14

The Heinz Dilemma:
In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her.
= it was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered.
The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him to make.
= He paid $2oo for the radium and charged $2000 for a small dose of the drug..
= The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1000, which is half of what it cost.
= he told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later.
= but the druggist said, “NO, i discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.”
= So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.
=Should the husband have done this?

Question 15

p. 145 - 146
Based on the children’s statements what were the 6 stages of moral development and the 3 moral levels that Kohlberg defined?

Answer 15

p. 146
Kohlberg’s 3 moral levels:
1= PREMORAL LEVEL
2= MORALITY OF CONVENTIONAL ROLE CONFORMITY
3= MORALITY OF SELF ACCEPTED MORAL PRINCIPLES.

Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development:
1=stage 1 = Punishment and obedience orientation
2= stage 2= Naive instrumental hedonism
3= stage 3= Good boy nice girl orientation
4= stage 4= Authority maintaining morality
5= stage 5= Morality of agreements and democratically determined law
6= stage 6= Morality of individual principles of conscience

Question 16

p. 146
Define the 6 stages of kohlber’s Moral developmental stage?

Stage 1-Ponishment and obedience?

Stage 2- Naive instrumental hedonism?

Stage 3 - “good boy nice girl” orientation?

Stage 4- Authority maintaining morality ?

Stage 5- Morality of agreements and democratically determined law?

Stage 6-Morality of individual principles of conscience?

Answer 16

Stage 1= (consequences for actions determine right and wrong)

Stage 2= (Satisfaction of one’s own needs defines what is good)

Stage 3= (What pleases others is good)

Stage 4= Maintaining law and order, doing one’s duty are good)

Stage 5= ( Society’s values and individual rights determine right and wrong)

Stage 6= (Right and wrong are matters of individual philosophy according to universal principles)

Question 17

p. 147: Discussion:

For the child, how was this research view?

Answer 17

1=as an EMERGENCE of cognitive moral struactures that developed as a result of the child’s interaction with the social and cultural environment.
2= children do not simply learn morality they construct it. they are incapable of understanding or using stage 3 moral reasoning before passing through stages 1 and 2.

Question 18

p. 148: Criticisms and Recent Applications:

1) can Kohlberg’s moral reasoning be applied to moral behavior?
in other words what a person thinks or says is moral may NOT be REFLECTED in the person’s moral actions.

Answer 18

Kohlber acknowledge that his theory applied only to moral reasoning. that fact that situational forces may sometimes alter moral behavior does not negate the fact, that moral reasoning progresses through the stages he described.

Question 19

p. 148 Criticism
2) are kohlberg’s 6 stages universal?
some of the stages may be found in western societies, but not in non western societies.

Answer 19

In defense of Kohlberg;
45 separate studies in 27 different cultures were reviewed (Snarey, 1987) and foundthat all the partiacipants passed through the stages in the same sequence, without reversals, and that stages 1 through 5 were present in all the cultures studied.