Topic on a page - structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
bones of the skeleton
cranium
clavicle
sternum
vertebrae
ribs
humerus
scapula
radius
ulna
pelvis
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
talus
what are the functions of the skeleton
- protection of vital organs
- structural shape and muscle attachment
- formation of joints for movement
- blood cell production
- store of minerals
example of protection of vital organs
cranium protects the brain when heading a ball in football
what is structural shape and muscle contraction
your skeleton provides support by providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach
what is formation of joints for movement
bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. tendons attach muscles to bones. muscles pull on bones to create movement
what is blood cell protection
red blood cells carry oxygen. white blood cells fight infection. platelets clot blood
what is store of minerals
calcium and phosphorus is stored in the bones to keep them strong
what are long bones
they enable gross movements (by working as levers) - they are longer than they are wide
examples of long bones
humerus
ulna
radius
femur
fibula
tibia
what are short bones
allow fine and controlled movements - as wide as they are long
examples of short bones
tarsals
carpals
what are flat bones
protect organs or offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to
examples of flat bones
cranium
sternum
ribs
scapula
pelvis
what are the two types of freely movable joints
hinge joint
ball and socket joint
what is a hinge joint
found at the elbow, knee and ankle, allows flexion and extension
what is a ball and socket joint
found at the hip and shoulder, allows flexion,extension, abduction, adduction,rotation and circumduction
what is flexion
decreasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - bending movement
what is extension
increasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - straightening movement
what is abduction
the movement of limbs away from the midline of the body
what is adduction
the movement of limbs towards the midline of the body
what is plantar flexion
movement at the ankle where toes are pointed downwards
what is dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled upwards towards the knee
what is rotation
turning a limb along its axis
what is circumduction
movement of a limb around a joint in a circular motion
what bones form the elbow joint
humerus, ulna, radius
what type of joint is the elbow
hinge
what bones form the knee joint
femur
tibia
fibula
what type of joint is the knee
hinge
what bones form the hip joint
pelvis
femur
what type of joint is the hip
ball and socket
what bones form the ankle joint
tibia
talus
fibula
what type of joint is the ankle
hinge
what is synovial fluid
lubricates and reduces friction of the joint it supplies nutrients and removes waste products
what is the synovial membrane
contains and releases synovial fluid
what is articular cartilage
prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber
what is a joint capsule
surrounds the synovial joint it protects and stabilises the joint
what is a ligament
joins bone to bone, helps stabilise the joint
what is bursae
fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones reducing friction
name voluntary muscles in the body
pectorialis major
deltoid
rotator cuff
latissimus dorsi
bicep
tricep
abdominals
hip flexors
gluteus maximus
quadriceps
hamstrings
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
where is the deltoid located
muscle on top of the upper arm and top of the shoulder
what is the function of the deltoid
move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions
sporting example using the deltoid
serve in tennis
front crawl
cricket bowling
where is the latissimus dorsi located
back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm
what is the function of the latissimus dorsi
adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder
sporting example using the latissimus dorsi
butterfly stroke
pull ups
rowing stroke
where is the rotator cuff located
on the scapula in the shoulder
what is the function of the rotator cuff
rotation of the shoulder
sporting example using the rotator cuff
bowling in cricket
swimming front crawl
where is the pectorialis major located
muscle covering the chest
what is the function of the pectorialis major
adducts the arm at the shoulder
sporting example using the pectorialis major
forehand shot
hand off in rugby
boxing hook
where are the abdominals located
side of the abdomen
what is the function of the abdominals
pulls the chest downwards
flexion of the spinal column
sporting example using the abdominals
crunches
sit ups
where is the bicep located
front of the upper arm
what is the function of the bicep
elbow flexion - bending
sporting example using the bicep
boxing uppercut
preparing to throw a javelin
where is the tricep located
back of upper arm
what is the function of the tricep
elbow extension - straightening
where is the gluteus maximus located
forms the buttocks
what is the function of the gluteus maximus
adducts and extends the hips pulling the legs backwards
sporting example using the gluteus maximus
pull the legs back before kicking a ball
where are the hip flexors located
front of the hip
what is the function of the hip flexors
flexes the hip, moves the hip upwards
sporting example using the hip flexors
lifting the knees when sprinting
where are the quadriceps located
front of upper leg
what is the function of the quadriceps
knee extension - straightening
sporting example using the quadriceps
kicking a ball
jumping upwards on a lay-up shot
where are the hamstrings located
back of upper leg
what is the function of the hamstrings
knee flexion - bending
where is the gastrocnemius located
calf muscle, attached by the achilles tendon
what is the function of the gastrocnemius
plantar flexion - point the toes
sporting example using the gastrocnemius
running
diving
gymnastics
where is the tibialis anterior located
muscle that runs down the shin
what is the function of the tibialis anterior
dorsi flexion - pulls the toes upwards
sporting example using the tibialis anterior
ski jumping
hurdling
what is an antagonistic pair
pairs of muscles that work against each other
what is an antagonistic muscle action
as one muscle contracts, the second relaxes
give examples of antagonistic pairs
biceps and triceps
quadriceps and hamstrings
hip flexors and gluteus maximus
gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
name the agonist and antagonist in the upward phase of a bicep curl
when we bend the elbow - flexion- the biceps contract and the triceps relax
agonist = biceps
antagonist = triceps
name the agonist and antagonist when straightening the arm to punch
when we straighten the elbow (extension) the triceps contract and the biceps relax
agonist = triceps
antagonist = biceps
what is an isometric contraction
muscle action / contraction where the muscle stays the same length so does not cause movement
give an example of an isometric contraction
holding a balance:
plank
what is an isotonic contraction
muscle action / contraction where the muscle changes length which causes movement
give an example of an isotonic contraction
running and jumping
are concentric and eccentric contractions isometric or isotonic
both isotonic contractions
what is a concentric contraction
isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens (upward phase)
what direction is a concentric contraction in
upwards
what is an eccentric contraction
isotonic muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens (downwards phase)
what direction is an eccentric contraction in
downward
what type of contraction is the upward phase of a bicep curl
biceps are contracting concentrically
what type of contraction is the downward phase of a bicep curl
biceps are contracting eccentrically
