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booklet needed Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify two hinge joints in the body

A

Elbow and knee

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2
Q

Identify two ball and socket joints in the body

A

Shoulder and hip

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3
Q

Identify four functions of the skeletal system

A

Red Blood Cell production, movement,
protection, shape, support, mineral storage

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4
Q

Name the four types of bone

A

Long, short, flat and irregular

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5
Q

What is the function of long bones

A

Large movements e.g. femur

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6
Q

What is the function of short bones

A

Fine movements e.g. tarsals (ankle), carpals
(wrist)

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7
Q

What is the function of flat bones

A

Protection e.g. cranium, sternum

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8
Q

Which bones meat at the neck and head?

A

Vertebrae, cranium

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9
Q

Which bones make up the shoulder joint?

A

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

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10
Q

Which bones make up the elbow joint?

A

Radius, ulna, Humerus

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11
Q

Which bones make up the knee joint?

A

Femur, tibia

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12
Q

Which bones make up the ankle joint?

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

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13
Q

Define what is meant by abduction

A

Movement of a body part away from the body

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14
Q

Define what is meant by adduction

A

Movement of a body part towards the body

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15
Q

Define what is meant by flexion

A

Decrease in the angle at a joint

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16
Q

Define what is meant by extension

A

Increase in the angle at a joint

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17
Q

Define what is meant by rotation

A

Turning a limb along its long axis

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18
Q

Define what is meant by circumduction

A

This is where the limb moves in a circle
(rotation + another joint action)

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19
Q

Define what is meant by plantarflexion?

A

Pointing the toes downwards (point to floor)

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19
Q

Give the function of a tendon

A

Attaches a muscle to a bone

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20
Q

Define what is meant by dorsiflexion

A

Pulling the toes upwards

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21
Q

Give the function of the synovial fluid

A

Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate
the joint

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21
Q

Give the function of a ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

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22
Q

Give the function of the synovial membrane

A

Contains and releases synovial fluid

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22
Q

Give the function of the joint capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joint, helps stabilise joint

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23
Q

Give the function of cartilage

A

Covers the ends of bones providing smooth,
friction free surface

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24
Q

Which movements are performed at hinge
joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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24
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid filled sacs that provide cushion between
tendons

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25
Q

Which movements are performed at ball and
socket joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction

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26
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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27
Q

Which movements can occur at the shoulder
joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction

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28
Q

Which movements can occur at the knee and
elbow joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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29
Q

Which movements can occur at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation

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30
Q

Which bones make up the hip joint?

A

Pelvis, femur

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31
Q

Which bones make up the chest?

A

Ribs, sternum

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32
Q

Name four muscles in the legs?

A

Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior,
gastrocnemius

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33
Q

Which muscle extends the knee?

A

Quadriceps

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34
Q

Which muscle flexes the knee?

A

Hamstrings

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35
Q

During flexion of the elbow, which muscle is the
agonist at the elbow?

A

Biceps

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36
Q

During extension at the elbow, which muscle is
the agonist at the elbow?

A

Triceps

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36
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Contractions that result in movement, e.g.
running, jumping

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37
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

When muscles contracts and there is no
movement e.g. holding a balance

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38
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

When muscle shortens during contraction
(upward phase)

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39
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

A

When the muscles lengthens during contraction
(downward phase)

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40
Q

Where is the deltoid? Function?

A

Upper arm, top of shoulder. Moves upper arm
in all directions

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41
Q

Where is the latissimus dorsi? Function?

A

Back muscle, lower back to upper arm. Adducts
and extends are at shoulder

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42
Q

Where is the rotator cuff? Function?

A

On scapula in the shoulder. Rotation of the
shoulder

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43
Q

Where is the pectoralis major? Function?

A

Muscle covering the chest. Adducts arm at
shoulder

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44
Q

Where is the abdominals? Function?

A

Front of the abdomen. Pulls chest downwards –
flexion of spinal column

45
Q

Where is the biceps? Function?

A

Front of upper arm. Elbow flexion

46
Q

Where is the tricep? Function?

A

Back of upper arm. Elbow extension

47
Q

Where is the hip flexor? Function?

A

Front of hip. Flexes the hip, moves the hip
upwards

48
Q

Where are the quadriceps? Function?

A

Front of upper leg. Knee extension
(straightening)

48
Q

Where is the gluteus maximus? Function?

A

Form the buttocks. Adducts and extends the
hips, pulling leg backwards

49
Q

Where are the hamstrings? Function?

A

Back of upper leg. Knee flexion (bending)

50
Q

Where is the tibialis anterior? Function?

A

Front of lower leg, runs down shin. Pulls toes
upwards

50
Q

Where is the gastrocnemius? Function?

A

Back of lower leg (calf muscle). Points the toes

51
Q

Which features assist with gaseous exchange?

A

Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large
blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen
combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from
high to low concentration

51
Q

Identify the order of the pathway of air

A

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli

51
Q

Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?

A

Alveoli

52
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

A

Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood
cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with
haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon
dioxide which passes through alveoli and is
breathed out.

52
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

53
Q

What two muscles are used during inhalation
and expiration at rest?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

54
Q

When do the diaphragm and intercostals
muscles contract

A

During inspiration

54
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in each
breath

55
Q

When do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax?

A

During expiration

55
Q

What additional muscles are needed during
exercise

A

Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid (inspiration)
and abdominals (expiration)

56
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)

56
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air the lungs can
expire after the maximum inspiration

57
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)

58
Q

Define residual volume

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs even
after forced maximal exhilation

59
Q

Name three blood vessels involved in the
transport of blood?

A

Veins, arteries, capillaries

60
Q

Identify three characteristics of veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to
prevent backflow of blood

61
Q

Identify three characteristics of arteries

A

Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high
pressure away from heart, have no valves, have
more elastic walls, arterioles

62
Q

Identify three characteristics of capillaries

A

Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste
products to pass through, have thin walls

63
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to
increase blood flow

64
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to
decrease blood flow

65
Q

Define systolic blood pressure (systole)

A

When the heart is contracting

66
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure (diastole)

A

When the heart is relaxing

67
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure in the arteries

68
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium and
left atrium

69
Q

Name the two arteries that take blood away
from the heart

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

70
Q

Name the two veins that take blood toward the
heart

A

Vena cava and pulmonary vein

71
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

The process of the heart going through the
stages of systole and diastole in the atria and
ventricles

72
Q

Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate

73
Q

What is meant by cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart in
one minute

74
Q

What is meant by stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by
each ventricle during one contraction

75
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats in a minute
(measured in BPM)

76
Q

Describe the difference between aerobic
exercise and anaerobic exercise.

A

Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without

77
Q

Describe aerobic exercise

A

Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs
when exercising for long periods of time, at low
intensity, the heart can supply all the oxygen
the working muscles need. e.g. marathon
runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide +
water

78
Q

Describe anaerobic exercise

A

Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only
for short periods of time and at high intensity,
the heart and lungs cannot supply enough
blood and, therefore, oxygen to the working
muscles e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting.
Glucose is converted into energy without the
presence of oxygen:
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid

79
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to
anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue
and cramp

80
Q

Identify three immediate effects of exercise
(during exercise)

A

Increased heart rate, sweaty, increase in depth
and rate of breathing, increase in temperature,
red skin

81
Q

Identify three long term effects of exercise
(months and years of exercise)

A

Change in body shape, build strength, improve
muscular endurance, increase size of heart,
lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility,
improved stamina

82
Q

Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-
36 hours after exercise)

A

Tired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching,
DOMS, cramp

83
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness

84
Q

Name four recovery methods to use after
exercise

A

Cool down, massage, ice baths, manipulation of
diet

85
Q

Why complete a cool down?

A

Keep HR and breathing elevated so blood
continues to flow to muscles. Clear waste.
Prevent muscle soreness

86
Q

Why recover with a massage?

A

Reduce inflammation, increase blood flow so
keeps oxygen flowing to muscles to remove
lactic acid. Helps with DOMS

87
Q

Why recover with an ice bath?

A

Aids repair of micro tears preventing DOMS,
reduce swelling, once you get out the blood
vessels dilate allowing oxygen rich blood to rush
to muscles removing lactic acid

87
Q

Why would you consume carbohydrates in
recovery? (manipulation of diet)

A

Replace glycogen stores

88
Q

Describe a second class lever system

A

The fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at
the other end and the resistance in the middle
e.g. the ankle joint - set shot

88
Q

Describe a first class lever system

A

Fulcrum lies between the effort and the
resistance e.g. elbow joint

88
Q

Identify the three parts of a lever system

A

Load (resistance), fulcrum, effort

89
Q

Describe a third class lever system

A

The fulcrum lies at one end and the resistance is
at the other end with the effort located
between the fulcrum and the resistance e.g.
elbow joint

90
Q

Describe what is meant by mechanical
advantage

A

The efficiency of a working lever, calculated by
effort/weight (resistance) arm

91
Q

Identify three planes of the body

A

frontal, transverse, sagittal

92
Q

Identify three axes of the body

A

sagittal, transverse, longitudinal

93
Q

Describe sagittal axis

A

Through the belly button

94
Q

Describe transverse axis

A

Through the hips

95
Q

Describe longitudinal axis

A

Head to toe

96
Q

Describe sagittal plane

A

Forwards and backwards

97
Q

Describe frontal plane

A

Left or right

98
Q

Describe transverse plane

A

Rotation along the longitudinal axis

99
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of
disease

100
Q

Define fitness

A

The ability to meet the demands of the
environment

101
Q

Define agility

A

The ability to move and change direction
quickly whilst maintaining control

102
Q

Define coordination

A

The ability to use different parts of the body
together

103
Q

Define balance

A

the maintenance of the centre of mass over the
base of support

104
Q
A

GCSE PE (22 decks)

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