booklet needed Flashcards
Identify two hinge joints in the body
Elbow and knee
Identify two ball and socket joints in the body
Shoulder and hip
Identify four functions of the skeletal system
Red Blood Cell production, movement,
protection, shape, support, mineral storage
Name the four types of bone
Long, short, flat and irregular
What is the function of long bones
Large movements e.g. femur
What is the function of short bones
Fine movements e.g. tarsals (ankle), carpals
(wrist)
What is the function of flat bones
Protection e.g. cranium, sternum
Which bones meat at the neck and head?
Vertebrae, cranium
Which bones make up the shoulder joint?
Humerus, scapula, clavicle
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
Radius, ulna, Humerus
Which bones make up the knee joint?
Femur, tibia
Which bones make up the ankle joint?
Talus, tibia, fibula
Define what is meant by abduction
Movement of a body part away from the body
Define what is meant by adduction
Movement of a body part towards the body
Define what is meant by flexion
Decrease in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by extension
Increase in the angle at a joint
Define what is meant by rotation
Turning a limb along its long axis
Define what is meant by circumduction
This is where the limb moves in a circle
(rotation + another joint action)
Define what is meant by plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes downwards (point to floor)
Give the function of a tendon
Attaches a muscle to a bone
Define what is meant by dorsiflexion
Pulling the toes upwards
Give the function of the synovial fluid
Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate
the joint
Give the function of a ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Give the function of the synovial membrane
Contains and releases synovial fluid
Give the function of the joint capsule
Surrounds synovial joint, helps stabilise joint
Give the function of cartilage
Covers the ends of bones providing smooth,
friction free surface
Which movements are performed at hinge
joints?
Flexion and extension
What are bursae?
Fluid filled sacs that provide cushion between
tendons
Which movements are performed at ball and
socket joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
Which movements can occur at the shoulder
joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
Which movements can occur at the knee and
elbow joints?
Flexion and extension
Which movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation
Which bones make up the hip joint?
Pelvis, femur
Which bones make up the chest?
Ribs, sternum
Name four muscles in the legs?
Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior,
gastrocnemius
Which muscle extends the knee?
Quadriceps
Which muscle flexes the knee?
Hamstrings
During flexion of the elbow, which muscle is the
agonist at the elbow?
Biceps
During extension at the elbow, which muscle is
the agonist at the elbow?
Triceps
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
Contractions that result in movement, e.g.
running, jumping
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
When muscles contracts and there is no
movement e.g. holding a balance
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
When muscle shortens during contraction
(upward phase)
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
When the muscles lengthens during contraction
(downward phase)
Where is the deltoid? Function?
Upper arm, top of shoulder. Moves upper arm
in all directions
Where is the latissimus dorsi? Function?
Back muscle, lower back to upper arm. Adducts
and extends are at shoulder
Where is the rotator cuff? Function?
On scapula in the shoulder. Rotation of the
shoulder
Where is the pectoralis major? Function?
Muscle covering the chest. Adducts arm at
shoulder
Where is the abdominals? Function?
Front of the abdomen. Pulls chest downwards –
flexion of spinal column
Where is the biceps? Function?
Front of upper arm. Elbow flexion
Where is the tricep? Function?
Back of upper arm. Elbow extension
Where is the hip flexor? Function?
Front of hip. Flexes the hip, moves the hip
upwards
Where are the quadriceps? Function?
Front of upper leg. Knee extension
(straightening)
Where is the gluteus maximus? Function?
Form the buttocks. Adducts and extends the
hips, pulling leg backwards
Where are the hamstrings? Function?
Back of upper leg. Knee flexion (bending)
Where is the tibialis anterior? Function?
Front of lower leg, runs down shin. Pulls toes
upwards
Where is the gastrocnemius? Function?
Back of lower leg (calf muscle). Points the toes
Which features assist with gaseous exchange?
Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large
blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen
combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from
high to low concentration
Identify the order of the pathway of air
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli
Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?
Alveoli
Describe gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood
cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with
haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon
dioxide which passes through alveoli and is
breathed out.
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
What two muscles are used during inhalation
and expiration at rest?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
When do the diaphragm and intercostals
muscles contract
During inspiration
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in each
breath
When do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax?
During expiration
What additional muscles are needed during
exercise
Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid (inspiration)
and abdominals (expiration)
Define expiratory reserve volume
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)
Define vital capacity
The maximum volume of air the lungs can
expire after the maximum inspiration
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)
Define residual volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs even
after forced maximal exhilation
Name three blood vessels involved in the
transport of blood?
Veins, arteries, capillaries
Identify three characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to
prevent backflow of blood
Identify three characteristics of arteries
Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high
pressure away from heart, have no valves, have
more elastic walls, arterioles
Identify three characteristics of capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste
products to pass through, have thin walls
Define vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to
increase blood flow
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to
decrease blood flow
Define systolic blood pressure (systole)
When the heart is contracting
Define diastolic blood pressure (diastole)
When the heart is relaxing
Define hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium and
left atrium
Name the two arteries that take blood away
from the heart
Aorta and pulmonary artery
Name the two veins that take blood toward the
heart
Vena cava and pulmonary vein
Describe the cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the
stages of systole and diastole in the atria and
ventricles
Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
What is meant by cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart in
one minute
What is meant by stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by
each ventricle during one contraction
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats in a minute
(measured in BPM)
Describe the difference between aerobic
exercise and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without
Describe aerobic exercise
Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs
when exercising for long periods of time, at low
intensity, the heart can supply all the oxygen
the working muscles need. e.g. marathon
runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide +
water
Describe anaerobic exercise
Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only
for short periods of time and at high intensity,
the heart and lungs cannot supply enough
blood and, therefore, oxygen to the working
muscles e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting.
Glucose is converted into energy without the
presence of oxygen:
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
What is lactic acid?
Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to
anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue
and cramp
Identify three immediate effects of exercise
(during exercise)
Increased heart rate, sweaty, increase in depth
and rate of breathing, increase in temperature,
red skin
Identify three long term effects of exercise
(months and years of exercise)
Change in body shape, build strength, improve
muscular endurance, increase size of heart,
lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility,
improved stamina
Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-
36 hours after exercise)
Tired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching,
DOMS, cramp
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Name four recovery methods to use after
exercise
Cool down, massage, ice baths, manipulation of
diet
Why complete a cool down?
Keep HR and breathing elevated so blood
continues to flow to muscles. Clear waste.
Prevent muscle soreness
Why recover with a massage?
Reduce inflammation, increase blood flow so
keeps oxygen flowing to muscles to remove
lactic acid. Helps with DOMS
Why recover with an ice bath?
Aids repair of micro tears preventing DOMS,
reduce swelling, once you get out the blood
vessels dilate allowing oxygen rich blood to rush
to muscles removing lactic acid
Why would you consume carbohydrates in
recovery? (manipulation of diet)
Replace glycogen stores
Describe a second class lever system
The fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at
the other end and the resistance in the middle
e.g. the ankle joint - set shot
Describe a first class lever system
Fulcrum lies between the effort and the
resistance e.g. elbow joint
Identify the three parts of a lever system
Load (resistance), fulcrum, effort
Describe a third class lever system
The fulcrum lies at one end and the resistance is
at the other end with the effort located
between the fulcrum and the resistance e.g.
elbow joint
Describe what is meant by mechanical
advantage
The efficiency of a working lever, calculated by
effort/weight (resistance) arm
Identify three planes of the body
frontal, transverse, sagittal
Identify three axes of the body
sagittal, transverse, longitudinal
Describe sagittal axis
Through the belly button
Describe transverse axis
Through the hips
Describe longitudinal axis
Head to toe
Describe sagittal plane
Forwards and backwards
Describe frontal plane
Left or right
Describe transverse plane
Rotation along the longitudinal axis
Define health
A state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of
disease
Define fitness
The ability to meet the demands of the
environment
Define agility
The ability to move and change direction
quickly whilst maintaining control
Define coordination
The ability to use different parts of the body
together
Define balance
the maintenance of the centre of mass over the
base of support
