Topic 9: Plant diversity II Flashcards

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1
Q

What plants are better adapted for terrestrial life?

A

seed plants

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2
Q

Describe the reduced gametophyte life

A
microscopic
develop inside cones/flowers
dependent on sporophyte
protects gametophyte from environment
ensures nutrients for gametophyte
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3
Q

Define heterospory

A

production of 2 different types of spores

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4
Q

A megaspore grows into …

A

megagametophyte (female)

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5
Q

A microspore grows into …

A

microgametophyte (male)

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6
Q

Define ovule

A

megaspore + megasporangium + integuments

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7
Q

Define integuments. What does it form?

A

protective sporophyte tissue around megasporangium, form seed coat

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8
Q

Define pollen grain

A

male gametophyte within pollen wall (with sporopollenin)

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9
Q

Where does pollen grain develop from?

A

microspore

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10
Q

How many cells does a male gametophyte have?

A

2 cells

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11
Q

What are the two types of cells that male gametophyte makes? What do each of them produce?

A

Tube cell: produces pollen tube

Generative cell: produces sperm

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12
Q

Define pollenation

A

transfer of pollen to part of plant containing ovules

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13
Q

How does pollination happen in seed plants?

A

by wind or animals

NOT fertilization

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14
Q

What is the significance of pollination?

A

sperm dispersal isn’t water dependent so plants can be colonized in dry habitats

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15
Q

Where is the sporangia located?

A

within cone “scales”

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16
Q

Where is the megasporangia located?

A

on ovulate cones

17
Q

Where is the microsporangia located?

A

on pollen cones

18
Q

Where is the microsporangia located?

A

on pollen cones

19
Q

ovule becomes what?

A

a seed

20
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

embryo, food supply, seed coat

21
Q

What is the ploidy of the integument?

A

2n

22
Q

What is the ploidy of the food supply?

A

n

23
Q

What is the ploidy of the zygote and new sporophyte generation?

A

2n

24
Q

What were the earliest seed plants?

A

gymnosperms

25
Q

Are gymnosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?

A

sporophyte

26
Q

What does it mean to be sporophyte dominant?

A

it has reduced, dependent gametophytes

27
Q

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

A

“vessel seeds”

flowering, fruiting plants

28
Q

Define flowers

A

structures specialized for sexual reproduction

29
Q

How are angiosperms pollinated?

A

mostly animal

some by wind

30
Q

How are fruits made?

A

the ovary wall thickens, matures into fruit as seed develops

31
Q

What are some characteristics of fruit?

A
protects seeds
facilitates dispersal (animals eat and seed travels far)
32
Q

How do angiosperms differ from gametophytes?

A

they have flowers
double fertilization - the egg cell and central cell are fertilized
they have 7 cells with 8 haploid nuclei

33
Q

Where are the microsporocytes located?

A

within the microsporangia which is in the anther in the flower

34
Q

What does the tube cell and generative cell do?

A

tube cell - forms pollen tube

generative cell - divides via mitosis to produce 2 sperm

35
Q

Where does pollen come from and where does it travel to?

A

released from the stamen and carried to carpel

36
Q

Where does the pollen tube enter through?

A

microphyle: pore in integument

2 sperm cells enter female gametophyte

37
Q

What is the endosperm and what is its ploidy?

A

the food supply for the developing embryo

3n

38
Q

What does the ovary produce? What does the ovule produce?

A

ovary -> fruit

ovule -> seed

39
Q

Are angiosperms hetero or homosporous?

A

heterosporous