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Biology 116 > Topic 8: Plant Diversity I > Flashcards

Topic 8: Plant Diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

What did land plants evolve from?

A

ancestral green algae

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2
Q

What 2 groups are included in streptophytes?

A

Charophytes and land plants

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3
Q

What kind of group is the streptophytes?

A

monophyletic

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4
Q

What are the derived traits of streptophytes?

A

sporopollenin
rings of cellulose
structure of flagellated sperm
cell plate

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5
Q

Define sporopollenin

A

layer of polymer, surrounds zygote, prevents desiccation

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6
Q

What are the 7 derived traits of land plants?

A 
alternation of generations
multicellular, dependent embryo
walled spores produced in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
apical meristems
cuticle
stomata
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7
Q

What process turns a haploid gametophyte into a haploid gamete?

A

mitosis

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8
Q

What process turns a diploid sporophyte into haploid spores?

A

meiosis

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9
Q

Define sporangia

A

multicellular organs on sporophyte where spores are produced

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10
Q

Define sporocytes

A

diploid cells in sporangia, undergo meiosis -> haploid spores

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11
Q

Define spores

A

haploid reproductive cells

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12
Q

Define gametangia

A

organs on gametophyte where gametes are produced

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13
Q

What are the two types of gametangia? What do they each produce?

A

archengonia: produce eggs
antheridia: produce sperm

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14
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

localized regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots

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15
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

waxy covering over all above ground parts

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16
Q

What are the benefits and costs of the cuticle?

A 
benefits:
- prevents desiccation
- provides some protection from microbes
cost:
- does not allow for gas exchange
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17
Q

What is the stomata?

A

tiny openings on surface that can open and close and allow for gas exchange and water evaporation

18
Q

Define vascular tissue

A

tubes to transport water and nutrients

19
Q

What are the basal land plants?

A

nonvascular plants

20
Q

What are some characteristics of vascular plants? What kind of group is it?

A

seedless and seed plants
seedless vascular plants = ferns
paraphyletic

21
Q

What kind of plants are the majority of plant species?

A

seed plants

22
Q

Define seed

A

embryo with supply of nutrients within protective coat

23
Q

What is a characteristic of gymnosperms

A

“naked seed”

seeds not enclosed in a chamber

24
Q

What is a characteristic of angiosperms

A

“container seed”
flowering plants
seeds enclosed in a fruit
most dominant type of plant

25
Q

Define nonvascular

A

no specialized transport tissue

26
Q

Define peat

A

partially decayed organic matter

27
Q

What are the 6 derived traits of vascular plants

A 
sporophyte dominant
transport in vascular tissue
roots
leaves
sporophylls
spore variations
28
Q

Define lignin

A

polymer in cell walls of water

29
Q

Define xylem

A

tube that conducts water and minerals - contains lignin

30
Q

Define phloem

A

tube that conducts sugars, amino acids, organic products

31
Q

Define roots

A

organs that absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor plants -> allow for taller growth

32
Q

Define leaves

A

main photosynthetic organs, increases surface area

33
Q

Define sporophylls

A

modified leaves with sporangia

34
Q

What are the two forms of spore variations

A

homosporous and heterosporous

35
Q

Define homosporous

A

1 type of sporangium produces 1 type of spore

sporangium —-meiosis–> spore —-mitosis–> bisexual gametophyte (produces egg and sperm)

36
Q

Define heterosporous

A

2 types of sporangia producing 2 spore types

37
Q

What are the two types of sporangia and what spore types do they produce?

A

megasporangium–meiosis–>megaspores–mitosis–> female gametophyte–mitosis–> egg
microsporangium–meiosis–>microspores–mitosis–> male gametophyte –mitosis–> sperm

38
Q

What are ferns? (whats so special about them)

A

many are epiphytes

39
Q

What does epiphyte mean?

A

they use other plants as substrate, not parasitic -> grow on surface of trees

40
Q

What kind of spore production do ferns have?

A

honosporous

41
Q

Define sorti

A

clusters of sporangia under leaves

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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