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Biology 116 > Topic 20: Synapses and Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Topic 20: Synapses and Sensory Receptors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between synaptic terminal and another cell

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

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3
Q

What are the steps in chemical synapses?

A
  1. AP reaches terminal of presynaptic cell
  2. presynaptic cells release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  3. response in polysynaptic cell
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4
Q

How does signaling across a chemical synapse work?

A
  • presynaptic cell synthesizes neurotransmitters, stores them in synaptic vesicles
  • When AP reaches synaptic terminal:
  • voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
  • > Ca2+ enters
  • > some synaptic vesicles fuse with PM
  • > neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft
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5
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

diffuse across synaptic cleft

bind and activate specific postsynaptic receptors

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6
Q

What are the 4 examples of neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine
glutamate
dopamine
endorphins

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7
Q

What is acetylcholine responsible for?

A

muscle stimulation, memory learning

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8
Q

What is glutamate responsible for?

A

AA, important in brain

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9
Q

What is dopamine responsible for?

A

level in brain affects mood

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10
Q

What is endorphins responsible for?

A

pain regulation

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11
Q

What is postsynaptic potentials?

A

change in membrane potential of postsynaptic cells

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12
Q

What are postsynaptic potentials triggered by?

A

ligand gated ion channels

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials and what do they do?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential: depolarizes

inhibitory postsynaptic potential: hyperpolarizes

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14
Q

What happens during summation of postsynaptic potentials?

A

addition of all excitatory and inhibitory cells

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15
Q

What happens during temporal summation?

A

2+ signals arrive at the SAME synapse

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16
Q

What happens during spatial summation?

A

2+ signals arrive at the same time at DIFFERENT synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron

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17
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

capacity for the nervous system to be remodeled

18
Q

What do neurons do during development?

A

form more synapses than needed

19
Q

Where does STM take place and what happens during it?

A

hippocampus

forms temporary links with LTM which is essential for acquiring memories

20
Q

Where does LTM take place and what happens during it?

A

cerebral cortex

temporary links replaced with permanent connections

21
Q

What is LTP?

A

lasting increase in strength of synaptic transmission

22
Q

What 2 conditions must be met to establish LTP?

A

1 high frequency series of APs

2. Those APs arrive at terminal when postsynaptic nerve is already depolarized from another stimulus

23
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors in a postsynaptic neuron?

A

NMDA receptors

AMPA receptors

24
Q

What are NMDA and AMPA receptors? When do they open?

A

ligand gated ion channels

open when something specific binds to it

25
Q

What happens before LTP?

A 
NMDA are already embedded in membrane
AP in presynaptic neuron -> glutamate released into synapse
Glutamate (ligand) opens NMDA receptors
BUT it's BLOCKED by Mg2+
-> no membrane depolarization
26
Q

How do we establish LTP?

A

All happen simultaneously:

  • depolarization from one synapse
  • > Mg2+ released from NMDA receptor
  • glutamate released into a different synapse
  • > glutamate (ligand) opens NMDA receptors
  • > Na+, Ca2+ flow in (only some)
27
Q

What does the influx of Ca2+ cause?

A

it causes stored AMPA receptors to be embedded in the membrane

28
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory receptors and what do they do?

A

chemoreceptors: stimulus = specific molecules
mechanoreceptors: stimulus = physical change

29
Q

What are the 4 basic steps of sensory processing?

A
  1. sensory reception
  2. sensory transduction
  3. transmission
  4. perception
30
Q

What is gustation?

A

sense of taste

31
Q

What are the sensory receptor cells for taste called?

A

taste cells

32
Q

What are the 5 tastant types?

A 
sweet
salty
bitter
umami
sour
33
Q

What kind of receptors do taste cells have? Which tastants do they open?

A

g protein-coupled receptors

sweet, umami, bitter

34
Q

Which tastants open directly with ion channels?

A

sour

salty

35
Q

What happens if tastant is sweet, bitter, or umami?

A

GPCR activates G protein
G protein activated adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP opens Na+/Ca2+ channels

36
Q

What happens if tastant is sour or sweet?

A

binding opens channels directly

37
Q

Does everyone taste the same?

A

No, perception is unique to individuals

38
Q

What is olfaction?

A

sense of smell

39
Q

What is the biggest difference about olfaction and gustation?

A

sensory cells in the nose are ALSO the afferent neurons

40
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells? Where are they? What do they do?

A

sensory cells/neurons
they line the upper nasal cavity
odorants bind to cilia in nasal cavity
send APs along axon to olfactory bulb in the brain

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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