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Biology 116 > Topic 13: Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Topic 13: Endocrine System II Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the simple endocrine pathway

A

stimulus received by endocrine cells
stimulates endocrine cells -> secretes hormone
hormone travels via bloodstream -> interacts with target cells -> physiological response

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2
Q

Describe the simple neuroendocrine pathway

A

stimulus received by sensory neuron
stimulates neurosecretory cell -> secretes neurohormones
hormone travels via bloodstream -> interacts with target cells -> physiological response

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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates many hormones
neuroendocrine gland
links nervous and endocrine systems
connected to pituitary gland by portal vessels

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4
Q

What are the 2 modes of action?

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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5
Q

What does the releasing hormone do?

A

trigger anterior pituitary (AP) to secrete certain hormone

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6
Q

What does the inhibiting hormone do?

A

inhibit anterior pituitary from secreting hormones

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7
Q

What does HIGH hormone levels do? What kind of feedback is this?

A

produce less RH and SH

negative feedback

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8
Q

What does LOW hormone levels do? What kind of feedback is this?

A

more RH and SH

negative feedback

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9
Q

Define tropic hormone

A

stimulate production of other endocrine hormones

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10
Q

Define nontropic hormone

A

stimulate target cells directly

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11
Q

What are antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and oxytocin?

A

peptide neurohormones
produced by neurons in hypothalamus
sent to posterior pituitary (PP)
stored in vesicles in PP until needed

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12
Q

What are the 2 lobes of pituitary glands in humans?

A

posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

neuroendocrine gland
stores and secretes:
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - water retention in kidneys
- oxytocin - milk, contractions, care, bonding

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14
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do?

A

endocrine gland - hormones released into blood
produces and secretes both tropic and nontropic hormones
every AP hormone controlled by at least 1 RH

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15
Q

What are the thyroid hormones secreted by? what do they do?

A

endocrine gland
hormones stimulate cellular metabolism in virtually all cells
- maintain normal BP, heart rate, muscle tone
- regulate digestive, reproductive functions

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16
Q

What is hyperthyroidism? Side effects?

A

too much thyroid hormone
antibodies bind to TSH receptors -> trigger T3 and T4 production
high body temperature, profuse sweating, weight loss, irritability, high BP

17
Q

What is hypothyroidism? Side effects?

A

too little thyroid hormone
weight gain and lethargy, slower metabolism, intolerance to cold, goiter
immune destruction of thyroid cells
inability to produce T3 and T4

18
Q

What is the parathyroid and what does it secrete?

A

4 glands in connective tissue surrounding thyroid

secretes parathyroid hormone: regulates blood Ca2+ levels

19
Q

What does blood calcium regulation involve?

A

2 glands, 2 hormones
parathyroid: secretes PTH to increase Ca2+
thyroid: secretes calcitonin to decrease Ca2+
These 2 hormones are ANTAGONISTIC

20
Q

What are the adrenal glands and where are they located?

A

they are small glands on top of each kidney

21
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

central - adrenal medulla

outer - adrenal cortex

22
Q

What is the adrenal medulla? What does it trigger? What does it secrete?

A

neuroendocrine gland
short-term stress response -> fight or flight
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine -> water-soluble
activated by nerve impulses

23
Q

What happens during stress?

A

hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla via nerve impulse
adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, norepinephrine
-> more blood to brain, muscles, heart
-> glycogen breakdown to glucose
-> increase metabolic rate
-> increase O2 delivery - higher heart rate, stroke volume, breathing rate

24
Q

What is the adrenal cortex, what does it respond to and what does it secrete?

A

endocrine gland
responds to chronic stress
secretes corticosteroids -> lipid-soluble
activated by endocrine signal

25
Q

What is the response of the corticosteroids?

A

glucose synthesis from non-carb sources
muscles broken down -> increases blood glucose
immune suppression

26
Q

SEQ life of an invertebrates

A

early larva -> later larva -> pupa -> adult

27
Q

What does the juvenile hormone do?

A

remain a larva

28
Q

What does PTTH do?

A

make ecdysteroids

29
Q

What does ecdysteroids do?

A

molt

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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