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Biology 116 > Topic 22: Digestion > Flashcards

Topic 22: Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

How do heterotrophs get food?

A

must ingest food - cannot fix carbon

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of food processing?

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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3
Q

What happens during ingestion?

A

food enters digestive cavity

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4
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

macromolecules -> monomers that can be absorbed

mechanical, chemical

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5
Q

What happens during absorption?

A

cells take up small molecules?

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6
Q

What happens during elimination?

A

undigested material passed out of digestive system

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7
Q

What are the 2 methods of digestion?

A

intracellular digestion

extracellular digestion

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8
Q

What happens during intracellular digestion?

A

food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes

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9
Q

What happens during extracellular digestion?

A

digestion in specialized extracellular compartments

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10
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

the complete digestive tract continuous with the outside

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11
Q

What do the accessory glands do?

A 
secrete digestive juices via ducts (exocrine)
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
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12
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

waves of contractions in smooth muscle - moves food

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13
Q

What are sphincters? What do they do?

A

ring-like, muscular valves (circular muscles)

regulate passage between compartments

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14
Q

What happens before ingestion?

A

digestive process triggered in NS

stimulation of salivary glands

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15
Q

What controls mechanical digestion? Example?

A

done by teeth

chewing

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16
Q

What assists in chemical digestion?

A

salivary amylase

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17
Q

What does starch and glycogen break down into during digestion?

A

smaller polysaccharides, maltose

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18
Q

What does mucus contain?

A

contains mucins

slipper glycoproteins

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19
Q

What is the function of the tongue? What does it form?

A

moves food

forms bolus - ball of food

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20
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

passage to digestive and respiratory systems

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21
Q

Sequence swallowing

A

bolus -> esophageal sphincter -> esophagus

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22
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

muscular tube from pharynx to stomach

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23
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter and what is it controlled by?

A

junction with stomach

controlled by smooth muscle ring

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24
Q

Why does heartburn occur?

A

when cardiac sphincter doesn’t always function properly

-> gastric juices move up into esphagus

25
Q

What are some characteristics of the stomach?

A

highly elastic about 2L capacity
can store meal - don’t need to eat constantly
acidic - lining replaced about every 3 days

26
Q

What is the stomach lining made of?

A

many pits - gastric glands

contain 3 cell types that produce and secrete gastric juices

27
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

secrete mucus

28
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsinogen - inactive precursor of pepsin

29
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

pump H+ into lumen, Cl- diffuses out -> HCl

30
Q

What is the function of HCl?

A

pH of stomach remains at about 2
antimicrobial
denatures proteins - easier to absorb
low pH: pepsinogen -> pepsin: main digestive enzyme
endopeptidase: protein -> smaller polypeptides

31
Q

What develops in the stomach that leaves?

A

chyme

32
Q

What is the consistency of chyme? pH? What is it a mixture of? SEQ pathway of chyme

A 
consistency of thick soup
pH about 2
mixture of:
- partially digestive carbs
- small polypeptides
- undigested material
stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> small intestine
33
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

about 6m long

34
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestines?

A

duodenum
jujunium
Ileum

35
Q

How do polysaccharides break down?

A

poly,disaccharides -> monosaccharides

36
Q

Where are carbohydrates digested?

A

oral cavity - salivary amylase: large polysaccharides -> small polysaccharides
small intestines - pancreatic amylase: small polysacchs -> disacchs; disaccharidases: disacchs -> monosacchs

37
Q

polypeptides are broken down into …

A

amnio acids

38
Q

What parts of the digestive system are proteins broken down in?

A

stomach

small intestines

39
Q

How are proteins broken down in the stomach?

A

pepsin -> small polypeps

40
Q

How are proteins broken down in the small intestines?

A

pancreatic trypsin -> smaller polypeps

peptidases -> amino acids

41
Q

Where in the digestive systems are nucleic acids broken down?

A

small intestines

42
Q

What happens when nucleic acids are broken down in the small intestines?

A

pancreatic nucleases -> nucleotides
nucleotidases -> nucleosides
nucleosidases and phosphatases -> nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates

43
Q

How are lipids broken down?

A

triglycerides -> glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

44
Q

What is the problem with breaking down lipids in the digestive system?

A

enzymes are water soluble while lipids are hydrophobic

45
Q

What breaks up the lipids into smaller pieces?

A

bile salts from liver emulsify the fats

-> increase SA so enzymes can break them down

46
Q

What produces bile salts and where do they go?

A

liver produces bile salts and sends it to gall bladder for storage

47
Q

Where does lipid digestion occur?

A

in small intestines

48
Q

What happens to lipids in the small intestines?

A

pancreatic lipases

-> glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

49
Q

How does absorption occur in the small intestines?

A

villi on the folds of the small intestines have microvilli

50
Q

SEQ nutrient absorption

A

nutrients in lumen of SI -> villi -> blood capillaries -> heaptic portal vein -> liver

51
Q

How does lipid apsorption occur?

A

free fatty acids, monoglycerides - diffusion -> form triglycerides -> packaged as water soluble chylomicrons -> enter lacteal -> lymph -> blood

52
Q

What is the entry from the small intestine to the large intestine regulated by?

A

the ilecocecal valve

53
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the large intestine?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

54
Q

What happens during diarrhea in the small intestine?

A

lining irritated -> not enough water recovery

55
Q

What happens during constipation?

A

feces move too slowly -> too much water recovery

56
Q

What do bacteria do in large intestines?

A

beneficial bacteria present produce vitamins, outcompete pathogens

57
Q

Why are feces eliminated?

A

they are undigestible material, undigested nutrients

58
Q

What is feces made of?

A

75% water, 25% solid

59
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A 
hepatic portal vein transports blood to liver
excess glucose removed -> glycogen
nutrients converted
-synthesize proteins
-excess calories stored as fat
modify, detoxify - alcohol, other drugs

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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