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Biology 116 > Topic 14: Reproduction I > Flashcards

Topic 14: Reproduction I Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some types of asexual reproduction?

A

budding
fission
fragmentation and regeneration
parthenogenesis

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2
Q

Advantages if asexual reproduction?

A

rapid
all of organisms genes passed on
don’t need to find a mate

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3
Q

Define sexual reproduction?

A

reproduction involving production and fusion of gametes

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4
Q

Characteristics of sperm? egg?

A

small, motile, flagellated

large, nonmotile, contains nutrients for embryo

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5
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

“reproductive handicap” - only 1/2 of population can actually reproduce
only half of organisms genes passed on

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6
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

promotes genetic diversity
new combinations of alleles:
- get rid of harmful alleles or combinations of alleles
- offspring may be more fit than parent
- more likely that some of population can survive enviormental changes

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7
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

make sperm

deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

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8
Q

Acronym to remember pathway of sperm

A

SEVEn UP

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9
Q

What are the testes?

A

male gonads (reproductive organs)

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10
Q

What does the testes include?

A

seminiferous tubules: site of spermatogenesis
hollow long tube, very small in diameter
leydig cells: produce testesterone and other sex hormones - scattered between seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

What is the epididymis and what does it do?

A

coiled tube above testes (6m long)
transport system - takes about 3 weeks
maturation of sperm
storage of sperm

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12
Q

What is the scrotum and what does it do?

A

skin-covered sac - contains testes and epididymis
external in most mammals, suspended from body
cooler than body temperature to improve sperm production and longevity

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of ducts that the male reproductive system has?

A

vas deferens: sperm sucts - 1 from each epididymis
extend from scrotum to behind the bladder
ejaculatory duct: passes through prostate gland, joins urethra

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14
Q

What is the penis, what does it do and what does it contain?

A

copulatory organ
delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
contains urethra: carries urine and semen through penis

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15
Q

What is erectile tissue and what happens to it during sexual stimulation?

A 
3 parallel columns of tissue
during sexual stimulation:
- NO released from endothelial cells
- arterial smooth muscles relax
- dilate arteries/ compress veins -> blood enters faster than it leaves
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16
Q

What are glans and what are they homologous with?

A

tip of penis, contains most sensory neurons

homologous with clitoris in females

17
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

cuff of loose-fitting skin (foreskin), removed in circumcision

18
Q

What is semen made of?

A

sperm and fluids from accessory glands

19
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

secrete fluids into vas deferens
about 60% of semen volume
fluoresces - forensically important
Produce fluids rich in:
- fructose - E for sperm after ejaculation
- prostaglandins - stimulate contractions of uterus - help move sperm up female reproductive tract

20
Q

What does the prostate gland contain, secrete and statistics?

A

contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate (nutrient)
secretes into urethra
> 1/2 of men >40 have enlarged prostate
about 3% of men die of prostate cancer

21
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland and what happens before ejaculation?

A

2 small round glands on either side of urethra
BEFORE ejaculation:
- secrete bulbourethral fluid into urethra - clear mucus to neutralize any acidic urine (contains sperm as well)

22
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

in seminiferous tubules in testes

23
Q

Where is sperm stored and where does it travel through?

A

epididymis

24
Q

Where does sperm travel through during ejaculation?

A

travels from epididymis through vas deferens

25
Q

What is spermatogenesis? When does it happen?

A

production of mature sperm cells

about 7 weeks in humans, continuous after puberty

26
Q

What happens in embryonic testes before the male is born?

A

primordial germ cells divide, differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells

27
Q

What happens in mature testes (at/after puberty)?

A

spermatogonial stem cells divide via mitosis -> spermatogonia
undifferentiated cells in walls of seminiferous tubules
maintained via mitotic divisions
some become primary spermatocytes

28
Q

How does a primary spermatocyte divide and what does it produce?

A

divides via meiosis 1

meiosis 1 -> secondary spermatocyte

29
Q

How does a secondary spermatocyte divide and what does it produce?

A

divides via meiosis 2

meiosis 2 -> spermatids

30
Q

What are the three parts of a sperm cell?

A

head, midpiece, tail

31
Q

What are androgens? Which is the most important? What is it needed for? What does it stimulate?

A

principle sex hormones in males
testosterone
- needed for spermatogenesis
- growth of primary male sex characteristics - sex organs
stimulates puberty -> secondary sex characteristics
- physical, behavioral differences between males and females that aren’t needed for reproduction
- i.e. facial/ body hair, deep voice, muscle development
about 10X higher in males than females

32
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

33
Q

What hormones do the anterior pituitary release?

A

luteinizing hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

34
Q

What hormone do the leydig cells release?

A

testosterone

35
Q

What does the sertoli cells produce?

A

androgen binding protein

inhibin

36
Q

What does the follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

stimulates:
- the development of seminiferous tubules
- sertoli cells to produce, secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
sertoli cells binds testosterone and helps maintain high testosterone levels in testes

37
Q

What is FSH secretion inhibited by and what does this do?

A

inhibited by inhibin: peptide hormone secreted by sertoli cells

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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