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Biology 116 > Topic 15: Reproduction II > Flashcards

Topic 15: Reproduction II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

produce ova (eggs)
receives sperm, facilitates fertilization
house and nourish developing embryo, give birth
lactate, feed young

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2
Q

What is the female gonad?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

gametes via oogenesis

sex hormones - estradiol, progesterone

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4
Q

What are within the ovaries?

A

follicles - where egg will mature and be released

oocytes - cells that undergo meiosis to produce eggs

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5
Q

What is also known as the oviducts?

A

fallopian tubes

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6
Q

Where are the oviducts located? What is it the site of? What does it collect? What does it move?

A

extend from uterus to each ovary
site of fertilization
collects secondary oocyte from ovary, brings it to the uterus
move oocytes via beating cilia, contractions

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7
Q

What is the uterus? What is it the site of? What are the 2 layers of it?

A 
pear-shaped, size of fist
site of embryonic development 
2 layers:
- myometrium: thick wall of smooth muscle
- endometrium: lines lumen
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8
Q

Where is the endometrium? What happens during fertilization?

A

lines lumen - connective tissue, glands, blood vessels
thickens each month - prepare for pregnancy
fertilization -> embryo implants
no fertilization -> sloughed off -> menstration

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9
Q

Where is the cervix located?

A

lower part of uterus, separates from vagina
common site of cancer
> 90% cases due to HPV

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10
Q

What is the vagina? What does it do?

A

elastic muscular tube
extends to outside of body
receives penis and sperm
birth canal

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11
Q

What is the vulva and what are the components?

A

external genitalia

  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris: homologous with glans penis
  • prepuce (clitoral hood): homologous with foreskin
  • urethra
  • vaginal opening
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12
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

development of mature eggs

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13
Q

What happens prior to puberty starting with primordial germ cells?

A

primordial germ cells (2n) -> mitosis -> oogenia

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14
Q

What happens to primary oocytes?

A

they begin meiosis but stop in prophase I

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15
Q

Where are primary oocytes located?

A

within a follicle

all are dormant until puberty

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16
Q

What happens to the follicles starting at puberty?

A

each month, 6-12 follicles mature within ovaries -> primary oocyte grows, follicle cells around it proliferate but only 1 will fully mature

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17
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

thick glycoprotein layer between follicle cells and oocyte

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18
Q

What does a primary oocyte produce after completing meiosis I?

A

a polar body

a secondary oocyte (n) - starts meiosis II but arrests at metaphase II

19
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

as secondary oocyte matures, it moves to surface of ovary
follicle cells secrete fluid, estrogens, enzymes -> break down ovary wall
ovulation = secondary oocyte ejected from ovary into oviduct

20
Q

What is corpus luteum?

A 
"yellow body"
portion of follicle left in ovary after ovulation
develops into temporary endocrine gland
secretes:
- estrogens
- progesterone
21
Q

What happens if sperm enters?

A

secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
-> becomes a mature egg containing sperm nucleus
oogenesis is complete!

22
Q

What happens if no sperm enters?

A

secondary oocyte disintegrates
corpus luteum dies
endometrium shed - menstruation
new follicle next cycle

23
Q

Do all mammals have menstrual cycles?

A

only some do, others have an estrous cycle

24
Q

What is similar in all female mammals?

A

endometrium thickens before ovulation

25
Q

Define estrous cycle

A

fertile, sexually receptive (“in heat”)

only at certain times of the year - most mammals

26
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

fertile intermittently, on a cyclic basis

27
Q

The menstrual cycle is the cyclic process of…

A

gamete maturation
uterine lining development - prepares a female body for pregnancy
repeats about every 28 days unless fertilization and implantation occurs

28
Q

What are the 2 concurrent cycles that occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

ovarian and uterine cycle

29
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase - follicle/oocyte maturation
ovulation at about day 14
luteal phase - after ovulation, hormones from corpus luteum

30
Q

Describe the uterine cycle

A

menstrual flow phase - 1-5 days
proliferative phase - endometrium starts again, before ovulation
secretory phase - endometrium thickens, after ovulation

31
Q

What is estrogen?

A

principle female sex hormone

32
Q

What is the main form of estrogen?

A

estradiol
- secreted by follicle cells, then by corpus luteum
- at puberty, stimulates the growth of:
primary sex characteristics - sex organs
secondary sex characteristics - breast development, broadening of pelvis, fat and muscle distribution
- stimulated monthly ovulation and endometrium thickening

33
Q

What is progesterone secreted by, what does it do, what does it stimulate?

A

secreted by corpus luteum
completes preparation of endometrium for pregnancy, maintains it
stimulates endometrial glands to secrete nutrient - rich fluid

34
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

35
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth in ovaries
as follicle grows, it releases more and more estradiol
follicle cells produce estradiol
- slow rise during follicular phase
- low estradiol levels

36
Q

What happens if there are LOW levels of estradiol?

A

NEGATIVE feedback on AP

37
Q

What happens if there are HIGH levels of estradiol?

A

POSITIVE feedback on hypothalamus

38
Q

What does a maturing follicle do?

A

enlarges, moves to ovary surface
ovulation happens about 1 day after LH surge
secondary oocyte released into oviduct

39
Q

What triggers ovulation and what does ovulation cause?

A

high levels of estradiol
positive feedback on hypothalamus
high GnRH stimulates AP
LH surge -> ovulation

40
Q

What does the luteal phase produce? What does it stimulate?

A

LH stimulates remaining follicle tissue -> corpus luteum

-> secretes progesterone and estradiol

41
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual flow phase
proliferative phase - before ovulation
secretory phase - after ovulation

42
Q

What is the proliferative phase coordinated with? What does this cause?

A

coordinated with follicular phase of ovarian cycle

ovarian hormones stimulate uterus to prepare, support embryo

43
Q

What is the secretory phase coordinated with? What happens during this phase?

A

coordinated with luteal phase of ovarian cycle
corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone
-> endometrium development:
- arteries enlarge
- endometrial glands grow
- secrete nutrient fluid -> sustain early embryo before implanting

44
Q

If no pregnancy occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum and hormone levels?

A

corpus luteum disintegrates
decrease in estradiol and progesterone -> arteries in endometrial lining constrict
loss of circulation
lining disintegrates

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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