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Biology 116 > Topic 18: Nervous System Organization > Flashcards

Topic 18: Nervous System Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system enable organisms to do?

A

sense and react to the enviornment

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2
Q

What kind of nervous system structure do cniderians have?

A

nerve net: interconnected neurons for movement

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3
Q

What kind of nervous system do echinoderms have?

A

nerve ring: central control structure

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4
Q

What are the nervous system components of bilaterians?

A 
lots of variation
anterior end
- eyespots that detect light
- brain
ladder type nervous system
- 2 longitudinal nerve cords
transverse nerves
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5
Q

Define ganglia

A

segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

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6
Q

What are the main components of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What are the main components of the PNS?

A

nerves and ganglia

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8
Q

What are neurons? What do they do?

A

basic functional unit of nervous system

conduct electrical signals, integrate information

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9
Q

What does the cell body contain?

A

organelles

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10
Q

What are dendrites?

A

“trees”
cytoplasmic extensions from cell body - usually many, short
receive information

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11
Q

What are axons? What do they do?

A

cytoplasmic extensions from cell body

send information

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12
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

base of axon, where signals are generated

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13
Q

What are glial cells? What do they do?

A

non-neuron cells of the nervous system
functions:
- neuron support, protection, maintenance
- embryonic NS development

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14
Q

What is myelin sheath? What is its purpose?

A

bundles of insulation around axons

faster signaling

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15
Q

What is myelin sheath produced by in CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

What is myelin sheath produced by in PNS?

A

schwann cells

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17
Q

What do radia glia do?

A

form tracks in developing embryos

-> help newly formed neurons migrate from neural tube

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18
Q

Where are interneurons found and what do they do?

A

in the CNS

responsible for integration and processing of information

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19
Q

What is gray matter mostly composed of?

A

neuron cell bodies

20
Q

What is white matter mostly composed of?

A

bundled axons

21
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

ventricles with cerebrospinal fluid
white matter
gray matter

22
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

within the spine

23
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

links brain and the rest of us

transmits impulses to/from brain

24
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A

small central canal with cerebrospinal fluid
gray matter surrounds canal - inside
white matter surrounds gray - outside

25
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

rapid, involuntary response to stimulus

knee jerk reflex

26
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

transmits info to/from CNS

27
Q

What are nerves?

A

axons of many neurons held together with connective tissue

28
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

send info from sensory receptor to CNS

29
Q

What are the two types of senses?

A

visceral and somatic

30
Q

Describe visceral senses

A

senses you aren’t aware of

blood pressure, thyroid, hormone levels

31
Q

Describe somatic senses

A

senses you are aware of

vision, hearing, taste, etc

32
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

send info from CNS to effectors: no receptors

target the motor system and autonomic NS

33
Q

How does the motor system work?

A

efferent neurons -> skeletal muscle
voluntary and reflexes
no receptors

34
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system work?

A

efferent neurons -> glands, heart, smooth muscle

35
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

enteric: controls digestive tract, pancreas, gall bladder
parasympathetic: “rest and digest”
sympathetic: “fight or flight”

36
Q

What are the 3 broad regions of brains?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

37
Q

What does the forebrain control?

A

sensory input, learning, complex processing

38
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

coordinates routing of sensory input

39
Q

What does the hindbrain control?

A

involuntary activities

40
Q

Where is the cerebrum derived from? What does it control?

A

forebrain
most prominent part of the brain
voluntary movement
learning, emotion, memory, perception

41
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

thick band of axons, connects 2 halves

42
Q

Where is the cerebellum derived from? What does it control?

A

from hindbrain
movement, balance
motor skills/ coordination

43
Q

Where is the diencephalon derived from? What does it include?

A

from forebrain

thalamus: routes sensory info to correct part of cerebrum
hypothalamus: regulates homeostaisis

44
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

control basic life functions - respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure

45
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem? Where are they derived from?

A

midbrain - midbrain
pons - hindbrain
medulla oblongata - hindbrain

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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