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Biology 116 > Topic 5: Unikonts II (Intro to Animals) > Flashcards

Topic 5: Unikonts II (Intro to Animals) Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of consumers are animals considered and what does that mean? What kind of trait is it?

A

heterotrophic
depends on the producers for energy
ingest and digest internally
ancestral trait of all animals

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2
Q

SDT (A1)?

A

Multicellular

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3
Q

SDT (A2)? What does this mean?

A

Extracellular matrix: proteins outside of cell membrane

- these proteins connect and support cells, mostly made of collagen

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4
Q

What do most animals have? What do many animals have? Define both.

A

most have differentiated tissue: groups of cells with common structure and function
many have differential organs: specialized structures made up of tissues

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5
Q

How do animals reproduce? Diploid/haploid? What process is used? What is produced? How is a zygote formed?

A

usually sexual
usually diplod-dominant
meiosis - produce haploid sperm/egg
fertilization: small flagellated sperm fuses with larger, non-motile egg

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6
Q

SDT(A3)?

A

Early embrygonic development pattern

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7
Q

What is cleavage?

A

mitotic divisions without growth

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8
Q

What is blastulation? What does it lead to?

A

cell migration, forming a hollow ball of cells

produces blastula

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9
Q

What is blastula?

A

hollow ball of cells around blastocoel

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10
Q

What is blastocoel?

A

empty space

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11
Q

What is gastrulation? What does it produce?

A

process of inward folding of blastula

produces gastrula and germ layers

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12
Q

What are the components of a gastrula?

A

endoderm (inside part), ectoderm (outside part), archenteron (empty space) = ancient intestine, blastopore (entrance to the archenteron

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13
Q

SDT(A4)?

A

homeobox genes

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14
Q

What do homeobox genes do?

A

they code for proteins that regulate expression of developmental genes
control expression of many genes

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15
Q

Define symmetry

A

the arrangement of body structure in relation to axis of body

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16
Q

Define asymmetry

A

no plane of symmetry through body

17
Q

Define radial symmetry

A

any plane through longitudinal axis -> mirror images

18
Q

Define bilateral symmetry. What is it related to?

A

only 1 plane through longitudinal axis -> mirror images
related to cephalization: development of a head with central nervous system and sense organs
- facilitates complex movement

19
Q

Define dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior

A 
dorsal = back/top
ventral = stomach side
anterior = towards head
posterior = towards bottom
20
Q

What are germ layers?

A

concentric layers of embryonic tissue

21
Q

What is:
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

A 
ectoderm = outer layer; outer covering, nervous system
endoderm = inner layer; lines digestive tube, other organs (lungs)
mesoderm = middle layer; muscles, skeleton, etc.
22
Q

Describe diploblasts

A

they only have an endoderm and ectoderm

23
Q

Describe triploblasts

A

they have an endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

24
Q

What is a coelom and what does it apply to?

A

it is a body cavity fluid-filled space between body wall and digestive tube
it only applies to triploblasts

25
Q

What are the types of coelom morphology?

A

coelomate
pseudocoelomate
acoelomate

26
Q

What are the advantages of a coelom?

A

hydrostatic skeleton - support, movement

circulation - no longer need to be flat

27
Q

What are the shared derived traits of animals?

A

multicellular
extracellular matrix
homeobox genes

28
Q

What kind of cleavage is involved in protosome development?

A

spiral, determinate cleavage
spiral - shape of cells
determinate - each cell will become a specific thing

29
Q

What does protosome mean?

A

“first opening”

30
Q

What kind of cleavage is involved in deuterostome development?

A

radial, indeterminate cleavage
radial - cells on top of each other
indeterminate - cells can become anything

31
Q

What does deuterostome mean?

A

“second opening”

32
Q

What does the Cambrian explosion mark in history for us?

A

the first appearance of EXTANT phyla

Biology 116 (24 decks)

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