Topic 24: Respiration/Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are respiratory structures and what are some common characteristics?

A
structures adapted for gas exchange via air or water have common characteristics
thin walls
large surface area
moist
many blood vessels
gills
skin
lungs
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2
Q

Define respiratory system

A

lungs and system if tubes that bring air to them
not direct contact with other parts of body
-> circulatory system required for gas exchange

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3
Q

SEQ mammalian respiration

A

pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

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4
Q

What parts are in lungs?

A

bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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5
Q

What are lungs?

A

paired, spongy, elastic organs within thoracic cavity

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6
Q

What are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs

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7
Q

What do each alveolus have?

A

single layer of epithelial cells

surrounded by capillary network - location of gas exchange

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8
Q

What is breathing?

A

mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs

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9
Q

What is inhalation?

A

air in

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10
Q

What is exhalation?

A

air out

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11
Q

How is breathing achieved?

A

via negative pressure

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12
Q

When inhalation is active, how are the muscles? What else happens during inhalation?

A
muscles contract
rib muscles contract -> rib cage expands
diaphragm contracts -> moves DOWN
Both of these increase volume of thoracic cavity
-> pressure is LOWER inside than outside
   -> air flows IN
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13
Q

When exhalation occurs, how are the muscles? What else happens during exhalation?

A

passive - muscles relax
rib muscles relax -> rib cage gets smaller
diaphragm relaxes -> moves UP
Both of these decrease volume of thoracic cavity
-> pressure is HIGHER inside than outside
-> air flows OUT

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14
Q

What happens when gas exchange occurs during respiration?

A

more O2 in inhaled air than in blood
-> O2 diffuses INTO capillaries around alveoli
more CO2 in blood than inhaled air
-> CO2 diffuses OUT of capillaries, into air

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15
Q

CO2 + H2O -> ? -> ?

A

Carbonic acid -> bicarbonate ion

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16
Q

What happens when you have a higher metabolic rate?

A

-> higher CO2 -> lower pH -> medulla oblongata signals increase in rate and depth of breathing

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17
Q

What are the steps to the regulation of breathing?

A
  1. Sensory reception
  2. Sensory transduction
  3. Transmission from vessels to medulla oblongata
  4. Info processing in medulla oblongata
  5. Message through CNS
  6. Increase contraction of ribs and diaphragm
18
Q

What is something that animals produce a lot of?

A

Waste products

19
Q

What are examples of waste products that animals produce?

A

Water
CO2
Bilirubin
Nitrogenous wastes

20
Q

How is waste lost?

A

Lost via respiration of filtration from blood - excretion

21
Q

What are nitrogenous wastes? Why are they useful? What are they converted to?

A

Proteins and nucleic acids
Broken down for E
Converted to fats, carbs
NH2 -> NH3 TOXIC

22
Q

What kind of nitrogenous waste do most aquatic, including bony fish produce? Is it toxic? How does it involve energy?

A

NH3 - ammonia
Toxic
Low E required
Highly soluble in H2O

23
Q

What kind of nitrogenous waste do mammals, most amphibians, sharks and some bony fish produce? Toxic? How is energy involved?

A

Urea
Very low toxicity
Requires energy to make
Requires H2O to excrete

24
Q

What kind of nitrogenous waste do many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails produce? Toxic? How does it involve energy?

A

Uric acid
Low toxicity
High E required
Insoluble- little H2O needed to excrete

25
Q

What are the 4 steps to the basic process of excretion?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reapsorbtion
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
26
Q

What happens during excretion?

A

Blood is filtered through a selectively permeable membrane -> what passes through = filtrate
Big molecules cannot pass
Water, small molecules - can pass
Not highly selective - some valuable things in filtrate that should remain in blood

27
Q

What happens during reabsorption?

A

Return of useful substances from filtrate -> blood

28
Q

What happens during secretion?

A

Active transport of substances from blood -> filtrate

Important for removal of toxins, excess ions, nonessential solutes

29
Q

What happens during excretion?

A

Release of filtrate as urine

30
Q

What is the kidney?

A

Principle mammalian excretory organ

31
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Regulate blood composition (osmoregulation)

Produce urine - get rid of waste products

32
Q

What are the 2 layers of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

33
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Organization unit of the kidney

34
Q

What are glomerulus? What step does it take place during excretion?

A

Dense capillary network

Filtration

35
Q

What is Bowman’s Capsule? What step does it take place during excretion?

A

Surrounds the glomerulus

Filtration

36
Q

What happens when there is higher pressure inside capillaries of the glomerulus than outside?

A

-> blood pushed out of capillaries through pores
-> filtered
Large molecules remain in blood
Water, small molecules from filtrate
Filtrate now in lumen of Bowman’s Capsule

37
Q

Where does reabsorption and secretion occur in?

A

In the loop of Henle

38
Q

What happens during reabsorption?

A

Substances transported from filtrate -> blood

39
Q

What happens during secretion?

A

Substances ACTIVELY transported from blood -> filtrate

Different composition of interstitial fluid in each secretion of nephron-> different solute gradients
Passive and/or active transport at different stages

40
Q

What happens during excretion? Seq it

A

Urine is constantly produced

Nephrons -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra

41
Q

What regulates blood osmolarity?

A

Neuroendocrine system