Topic 24: Respiration/Excretion Flashcards
What are respiratory structures and what are some common characteristics?
structures adapted for gas exchange via air or water have common characteristics thin walls large surface area moist many blood vessels gills skin lungs
Define respiratory system
lungs and system if tubes that bring air to them
not direct contact with other parts of body
-> circulatory system required for gas exchange
SEQ mammalian respiration
pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
What parts are in lungs?
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
What are lungs?
paired, spongy, elastic organs within thoracic cavity
What are alveoli?
tiny air sacs
What do each alveolus have?
single layer of epithelial cells
surrounded by capillary network - location of gas exchange
What is breathing?
mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs
What is inhalation?
air in
What is exhalation?
air out
How is breathing achieved?
via negative pressure
When inhalation is active, how are the muscles? What else happens during inhalation?
muscles contract rib muscles contract -> rib cage expands diaphragm contracts -> moves DOWN Both of these increase volume of thoracic cavity -> pressure is LOWER inside than outside -> air flows IN
When exhalation occurs, how are the muscles? What else happens during exhalation?
passive - muscles relax
rib muscles relax -> rib cage gets smaller
diaphragm relaxes -> moves UP
Both of these decrease volume of thoracic cavity
-> pressure is HIGHER inside than outside
-> air flows OUT
What happens when gas exchange occurs during respiration?
more O2 in inhaled air than in blood
-> O2 diffuses INTO capillaries around alveoli
more CO2 in blood than inhaled air
-> CO2 diffuses OUT of capillaries, into air
CO2 + H2O -> ? -> ?
Carbonic acid -> bicarbonate ion
What happens when you have a higher metabolic rate?
-> higher CO2 -> lower pH -> medulla oblongata signals increase in rate and depth of breathing
What are the steps to the regulation of breathing?
- Sensory reception
- Sensory transduction
- Transmission from vessels to medulla oblongata
- Info processing in medulla oblongata
- Message through CNS
- Increase contraction of ribs and diaphragm
What is something that animals produce a lot of?
Waste products
What are examples of waste products that animals produce?
Water
CO2
Bilirubin
Nitrogenous wastes
How is waste lost?
Lost via respiration of filtration from blood - excretion
What are nitrogenous wastes? Why are they useful? What are they converted to?
Proteins and nucleic acids
Broken down for E
Converted to fats, carbs
NH2 -> NH3 TOXIC
What kind of nitrogenous waste do most aquatic, including bony fish produce? Is it toxic? How does it involve energy?
NH3 - ammonia
Toxic
Low E required
Highly soluble in H2O
What kind of nitrogenous waste do mammals, most amphibians, sharks and some bony fish produce? Toxic? How is energy involved?
Urea
Very low toxicity
Requires energy to make
Requires H2O to excrete
What kind of nitrogenous waste do many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails produce? Toxic? How does it involve energy?
Uric acid
Low toxicity
High E required
Insoluble- little H2O needed to excrete
