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Biol 2390 > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species living together

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2
Q

Population ecology

A

How the processes of birth, death, migration influence the abundance & distribution patterns of groups of organisms

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3
Q

Population structure is characterized by..

A
  • spatial structure
  • agre/size structure
  • genetic structure
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4
Q

Spacial structure

A

how individuals organize themselves in space. geographic distribution/ranger. patterns of dispersal/dispersion and population size

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5
Q

Age/size structure

A

number of individuals in each age/size class

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6
Q

Genetic structure

A

genetic composition of all individuals combined within the population

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7
Q

Demographic rates of an individuals..

A

change their lifetime

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8
Q

Geographical distribution/range =

A

geographical area in which a species occurs. determines by presence of suitable environmental conditions/resources

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9
Q

Habitat patch=

A

area of homogenous environmental conditions

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10
Q

Habitat patches can be ..

A

heterogeneously distributed over the range, separates by unsuitable habitat

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11
Q

Habitat patches result in..

A

many local populations of a species within a range (subpopulations)

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12
Q

Red maple

A

northern limit (-40C) western limits dry conditions. grows in variety of soils, moisture conditions, elevations, acidity levels. high degree of tolerance

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13
Q

Devils hole pupfish

A

exists in single deserve pool in Nevada, very small area.

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14
Q

Coyotes

A

over most north america

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15
Q

Rats and ecoli

A

spread w human movements

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16
Q

Whales

A

very large migratory species w lots of ground to cover

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17
Q

Range limitations are a..

A

malleable contraint as environmental conditions shift

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18
Q

Just because ideal conditions exist doesn’t mean..

A

you will find a species there. must account for colonization abilities of ancestral species

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19
Q

Environmental heterogeneity causes..

A

most population to be divided into subpopulations

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20
Q

Each subpopulation exists in a ..

A

suitable habitat and is separated from other subpopulations by unsuitable habitat

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21
Q

Metapopulations

A

collective of all subpopulations

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22
Q

Ecology typical occurs at the level of

A

subpopulation rathe than the entire population over its geographic range

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23
Q

At some stage in their life/lifecycle most organisms are ..

A

mobile

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24
Q

Movements of individuals directly..

A

influences their local density

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25
Q

Dispersal

A

movements of individuals in space

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26
Q

Movements of individuals around the subpopulations is key to..

A

the dynamics of meta population

27
Q

Winds and water (passive) dispersal

A

wind carries young of spiders and mothers. larval forms of many invertebrates are carries downstream by currents

28
Q

Dispersal of seed involves

A

gravity, wind, water and animals

29
Q

Release of fluid pressure allows

A

some plants to physically eject seeds a considerable distance

30
Q

What do other plants sue to attract herbivores

A

sugar rewards. intensive to consume fruit and transport seeds to other locations. seeds unharmed through digestive tract

31
Q

Fruits and seeds armed with ..

A

hooks and spines to catch on the fur on animals 


32
Q

Dispersal is movement of individuals away from..

A

place of birth or area of high population density

33
Q

Emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population 


34
Q

Immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

35
Q

The degree of interaction among local populations depends on

A
  • ability of individuals to disperse between habitat patches

- habitat patch size and quality

36
Q

Ability of individuals to disperse between habitat patches

A
  • distance between habitat patches
  • suitable of environmental conditions/resource abundance between patches
  • barriers
37
Q

Habitat patch size and quality

A
  • larger/higher quality patches tend to support more individuals
  • a higher number of individuals immigrate to smaller/lower quality local populations with fewer individuals
38
Q

Metapopulation concept

A

Metapopulation dynamics differ from our discussions of subpopulations in that they include both the local (small) and regional scales (large)

39
Q

At the local level meta population dynamics relate to..

A

subpopulations in which individuals interact with each other (feedings, growing etc)

40
Q

At the regional level meta population dynamics relate to..

A
  • Dispersal of individuals between subpopulations
  • Dispersal of individuals leading to the colonization of new previously unoccupied patches
  • Extinction of all individuals from existing patches
41
Q

Dispersion

A

Where geographical distribution refers to the extent of a population, patterns of dispersion can also be used to describe the spatial position of one individual to another

42
Q

Random dispersion

A

individuals have no influence on each other, recourses are randomly scattered across the range

43
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

individuals engage in negative interactions such as intense competition for space. they space themselves evenly to minimize interactions

44
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

most common type, where individuals form groups. patch resource distribution or environmental conditions. social tendencies. cloning

45
Q

Northern gannet

A

in newfoundland clumped for breeding habitat. moderate scale is clumped for predator avoidance. smaller scale is even for competition.

46
Q

Population represent the

A

ecological unit within which individuals mate and offspring are produced

47
Q

2 types of individuals can make up a population

A
  • unitary individuals

- modular individuals

48
Q

Unitary individuals

A

physically and genetically distinct individuals each arising from a genetically distinct zygote (humans, dogs)

49
Q

Modular individuals

A

consist of man interconnected units derived from the same zygote (plants, corals, sponges). can exist separately and be physiologically dependent

50
Q

Genets

A

genetically distinct individuals, each derived from single zygote (sexual reproduction)

51
Q

Modules with the potential to exist separately are

A

ramets= genetically identical, asexual reproduction

52
Q

Aspen tree

A

develops from a seed (zygote) reproduces asexually from horizontal roots. gives rise to what appears to be another individual tree. but each tree produced is a ramet, while all trees together are a genet

53
Q

Important to distinguish between ..

A

unitary (genetically distinct) and modular (genetically identical) individuals

54
Q

Must be a genetic variation for..

A

natural selection to occur

55
Q

Conservation

A

if a population of ramets → no genetic variation→ less likely to adapt to environmental changes → high risk of extinction

56
Q

Population size

A

abundance of population refers to the population size or number of individuals

57
Q

Population density

A

number of individuals per unit square. can be estimated in crude form by grid. problem is individuals tend to not be equally numerous everywhere and density is often not uniform

58
Q

Generally cannot count all individuals in a population instead need to..

A

estimate

59
Q

Accurate estimates combine..

A
  • geographical range
  • patterns of dispersion
  • patterns of dispersion of local population density can mislead measures of total population size
60
Q

Local density =

A

of individuals per unit area

61
Q

Methods of estimation

A
  • quadrant sampling
  • line transects
  • mark recapture
62
Q

Quadrent sampling

A

best on sessile/immobile organisms

63
Q

Line transects

A

measure distance to observes specimens while talking a straight line. use formulas to estimate pop size

64
Q

Mark recapture

A

create identifiable mark on all specimens captures in first sample. sample again and estimate pop size based on proportion recaptured

Biol 2390 (34 decks)

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