Topic 13

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

originally organisms would have reproduced using binary fission (similar to biotic cell division) all new individuals would have been clones of the original.

Question 2

Evolution in asexual reproduction would only have occurred due to..

Answer 2

mutations of the original cell line (no genetic diversity)

Question 3

Sexual reproduction major advantage

Answer 3

genetic diversity within a population of species

Question 4

Sexual reproduction disadvantages

Answer 4

• only half of individuals genes are passed onto next generation
• growth rate is half that of asexual reproduc. (takes 2 organisms to make 1)
• some unfavourable recombinations

Question 5

All the sexual disadvantages can serve to reduce..

Answer 5

fitness

Question 6

Although not ubiquitous most prokaryotes, bacteria and single cell organisms still reproduce through..

Answer 6

binary fission (sometimes budding)

Question 7

Fungi have simplest form of

Answer 7

sexual reproduction: isogamy (equal gametes)

Question 8

Plants

Answer 8

evolved complex life cycles and strategies to fertilize eggs, often relies on environment or other species

Question 9

Typical pattern of gender biases in animals

Answer 9

males do the courting and females do the choosing

Question 10

Male fitness often dependant on

Answer 10

acquiring multiple mates

Question 11

Female fitness often dependent on

Answer 11

access to abundant resources

Question 12

Anisogamy

Answer 12

gender biases are a result of unequal investment in gametes

Question 13

Egg cells are more ..

Answer 13

energetically costly to produce than sperm cells

Question 14

Theoretically a single man could ..

Answer 14

fertilize all the eggs of all the women in the world

Question 15

Male fitness increased by..

Answer 15

fertilizing multiple eggs

Question 16

Female fitness increased by..

Answer 16

continued investment in costly egg

Question 17

Females having already invest more in gamete production to continue to ..

Answer 17

invest in parental care

Question 18

Male evolution driven by sexual selection

Answer 18

• traits to enhance attractiveness

- triats to enhance competitive ability w other males

Question 19

Traits to enhance attractiveness

Answer 19

hypothesizes the displays advertise good genes and healthy conditions. enforce runaway selection

Question 20

Traits to enhance competitive ability w other males

Answer 20

impose dominance heiarchy, sneaky male strategy, mate guarding, sperm competition and nuptial(food) gifts

Question 21

Runaway selection

Answer 21

• males inherit genes for impressive display

- females inherit preferences for display

Question 22

Mating system

Answer 22

number of partners that males and females have. can vary among species, includes aspects of parents care

Question 23

4 general categories of mating system

Answer 23

• polygyny (most common)
• polyandry
• monogamy
• promiscuity

Question 24

Polygyny

Answer 24

single male takes multiple female mates. most common.

Question 25

Polygyny female defence

Answer 25

where females cluster together for predator defence or resource patches

Question 26

Polygyny resource defence

Answer 26

where resources are clumped and male will control area that is attractive for females

Question 27

Lek polygyny

Answer 27

area where a male will set up an often elaborate mating display to attract mates (no resources involved)

Question 28

Polygyny scramble competition

Answer 28

where timing window for mating may be short, so it is a first come first serve basis

Question 29

Polyandry

Answer 29

single female takes multiple mates, rare in nature. when something limits the brood size of the female below that of which is capable it may take multiple mates.

Question 30

Spotted sandpiper

Answer 30

polyandry, gender role reversal. lay up to 12 eggs and needs more partners to help incubate the eggs

Question 31

Monogamy

Answer 31

single pair of bond between one male and one female. common in some animals like fish and birds. when there is a high risk that female may take multiple partners in absence of mate guarding, when male offers up energetically costly support

Question 32

Seahorse

Answer 32

brood pouch means that male seahorse bears the burden of “pregnancy”. monogamy

Question 33

Promiscuity

Answer 33

females and males both take multiple partners. result of coevolution of other mating systems between males and females. increase fitness by multiple partners.

Question 34

Parthenogenesis

Answer 34

reproduction through the development of unfertilized female gamete, doesn’t require male input.

Question 35

Parthenogenesis is what reproduction..

Answer 35

asexual reproduction of haploid cell, life cycle includes sexual cycle to maintain genetic diversity

Question 36

Hermaphroditism

Answer 36

individual that produces the gametes associated w both the male and female sex. not typically self fertilizing (lower genetic diversity) often unlucky one of the pair will have to bear motherhood.

Question 37

Sequential hermaphroditism

Answer 37

rare in species individuals can actually change their gender over the course of their life.

Question 38

Clownfish

Answer 38

sequential hermaphroditism, largest one is female, second largest is reproductive male, other non reproductive. when females dies, next largest becomes female.