Topic 22 Flashcards
Parasitoids
a parasite that kills its host (Ichneumonid wasp larvae)
Sometimes only certain life stages of the species are..
parasitic and other may be free living.
Manipulative parasites
toxic plasma ucangimm, rats take an interest to cats which passes onto cats and can pass to humans
More living things on this planet are..
parasitic than are not
Hyperparasitism
parasite that paralyzed a parasite (parasite of a parasite)
Nature of parasitism can also be ..
behavioural and non represent a direct feeding on the host while still ultimately draining its resources
Brood parasitism
introduction of offspring (often eggs) to the nest of a different species resulting in the parasitized species raising the young (cowbirds/birds)
Dutch elm disease
fungal parasite, passes through elmbark beetle.
Hosts have developed..
response mechanisms as defence against parasites. attempt to minimize impacts and reduces risk of infection
Hosts groom and preen too..
remove ectoparasites
Inflammatory response for..
endoparasites.. increased blood flow and white blood cells enter sit of infection
Internal reactions produce cysts to ..
enclose and isolate parasite (common in nematode infections in pork/bear)
Galls in plants
swollen knobs of tissue around insect or bacterial parasite. attract predator of the parasite, serves no benefit to plant but provides protection to insect larvae
During coevolution host-parasite and predator-prey relationship may become..
beneficial to both species
Mutualism
relationship between two species where both species benefit
Mutualism individuals of both species ..
enhance their survival, growth and or reproduction.
Mutualism, reciprocal exploration
both animals ares taking advantage of the other
Cooperative effort
neither can exist without the other
Mutualism involve many..
diverse interactions that extend beyond simply acquiring essential resources
Mutualism are generally characterized by..
benefits gained, degree of dependency, degree of specificity, duration of intimacy
Example of mutualism
corals, between cnidarian polyp and photosynthetic algae
Commensalism
relationship between two species were one species benefits without significant affecting other. uncommon/unrealistic
Examples of commensalism
barnacle/whale and shark/remora
Interactions influence the..
presence and abundance of species
3 types of symbiosis
- parasitism
- mutualism
- commensalism
Symbiosis
intimate relationship between 2 organisms. one or both depend on other for survival. can be positive neutral or negative
Parasitism
parasite, host (+/-)
Mutualism
sp.1 and sp. 2 (+/+)
Commensalism
commensal, host (+/0)
Parasitism is a relationship between
organisms of different species. one species benefits and other is harmed.
Parasites increase their fitness by exploiting..
host organism, for food, habitat, dispersal
Both parasite and host can
regulate each others populations growth
Parasites tend to not..
kill their hosts. there is no advantage because dead host = dead parasite.
Host6 uses energy to defend against…
the parasite and redirects energy from growth and reproduction
Results of host using energy to defend against parasite
- decreases reproductive success
- increased mortality due to secondary infection
- increase mortality due to increase susceptibility to predation
Parasites can be ..
specialists, generalists, short lived or long lived
Micro-parasites includes
viruses, bacteria, fungi. small size and develop rapidly
Macro parasites includes
flatworms, roundworms, live, fleas, ticks, rusts and smuts. larger size and develop slower
Ectoparasites
live on skin, within the hair or feathers of host
Endoparasites
live within the hosts body, in the heart, brain, spinal cord, nasal tracts, lungs, etc
Direct transmission
parasite is transferred from one host to another directly. influenza, small pox, STD, fleas, ticks, water air.
Indirect transmission
parasite is transferred from one host to an intermediate and then to another host, malaria, protozoan parasite.
