Topic 6

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

change in the genetic composition of a population of a species over time

Question 2

The match of individuals to their environment is a product of..

Answer 2

the successes and failures of their ancestors

Question 3

The present form and function of individuals are..

Answer 3

specializations to their environment

Question 4

Adaptation

Answer 4

change in a genetically determined trait in response to environmental conditions that enhances the ability to cope w the environment

Question 5

Fitness

Answer 5

proportionate contribution of an individual to future generations

Question 6

Fitness involves

Answer 6

• number of offspring produced

- number of offspring surviving to reproductive age

Question 7

Natural selection operates on

Answer 7

the individual

Question 8

Natural selection

Answer 8

differential success of individuals through interactions with their environment and other organisms

Question 9

Variation results in

Answer 9

differences in growth, survival and reproduction

Question 10

Fitness is measured by

Answer 10

the proportionate contribution an individual makes to future generations **

Question 11

In a given environment traits which enable individuals to grow, survive and reproduce are passed on to future generations and.. and without those traits they are..

Answer 11

selected FOR; selected AGAINST

Question 12

Selection pressures:

Answer 12

• environment conditions (abiotic factors)

- species interactions (biotic factors)

Question 13

Selection pressures establish…

Answer 13

differences in fitness among individuals with different genotypes and phenotypes

Question 14

Selected adaptations typical allow for optimal performance under a certain set of environmental conditions but these often..

Answer 14

limit its performance under another set

Question 15

Genetic composition of the population..

Answer 15

changes over generations or evolves

Question 16

Assumptions

Answer 16

• individuals of a species are not identical (genetic variation)
• some of this variation is heritable
• individuals leave different numbers of descendants (varying fitness)
• fitness depends on interaction between individual’s trait and its abiotic/biotic environment

Question 17

Stabilizing selection

Answer 17

due to mendelian inheritance will maintain a diverse gene pool and evolution will not occur

Question 18

Directional selection

Answer 18

most common type pushing traits in one direction to drive evolution

Question 19

Disruptive selection

Answer 19

can lead to speciation

Question 20

Directional selection as commercial fishing exploitation

Answer 20

atlantic silverside experiments in lab and coming fish at random is better for natural selection

Question 21

Biological species concept

Answer 21

distinguish species based on their potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 22

Speciation

Answer 22

implies that reproductive isolation (or genetic isolation) defines a species because reproduction is the means of transferring genetic information (DNA)

Question 23

Allopatric speciation

Answer 23

individuals are geographically isolated by a physical barrier (mountain). local environmental condition will cause different selective pressure leading to divergence

Question 24

Sympatric speciation

Answer 24

subpopulations are isolated without geological isolation (breeding time, etc)

Question 25

2 types of sympatric speciation

Answer 25

• pre mating

- post mating

Question 26

Pre mating sympatric speciation

Answer 26

separation of mating events in space and time. behaviour (mating songs). mechanical or structural incompatibility

Question 27

Post mating sympatric speciation

Answer 27

reduced survival or reproductive success of offspring

Question 28

Cline

Answer 28

measurable, gradual, change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic character

Question 29

Clines are typically associated with..

Answer 29

environmental gradients in temp, moisture, light levels, altitude (ex white tailed deer)

Question 30

Ecotypes

Answer 30

population with an abrupt and dramatic difference in character due to influences associated within the species

Question 31

Genetic differentiation

Answer 31

if very little gene flow exists between populations the term subspecies is often used.

Question 32

Genetic differentiation is generally distinguished as..

Answer 32

different from other populations by 1 or more major characteristics (honey vs killer bee)