Topic 30

Question 1

Conservation must integrate ecology with

Answer 1

social, political and economic systems

Question 2

Natural disturbances

Answer 2

windstorm, ice storms, lighting fires, hurricanes, floods, insect outbreaks, grazing animals

Question 3

Human disturbances

Answer 3

have more profound and long lasting impact on communities than natural disturbances

Question 4

Human activities involve..

Answer 4

continuous management of communities

Question 5

Completely remove natural communities and replace with…

Answer 5

• cultivated cropland
• pastures
• monoculture forests
• paved highways

Question 6

Often natural disturbances are ..

Answer 6

enhanced by human activities

Question 7

Lightning fires

Answer 7

important disturbance regime in forest communities in North America. require enough dry fuel for ignition

Question 8

Fires natural occurs..

Answer 8

every 50-200 years

Question 9

Some forest species have come to depend on forest fires

Answer 9

• jack pine
• fireweed
• moose feed on new growth
• burned plant material quickly enriches the soil

Question 10

Fire suppression programs in Canada and US national parks:

Answer 10

• park managers attitude: fire is destructive
• fire suppression programs
• fire towers
• smoke jumpers
• firebreaks
• smokey the bear

Question 11

Human enhanced fires

Answer 11

Yellowstone national park in USA. 1988 dry year with high fuels and winds. 36% of parks forest burned. accept importance of fire in long term dynamics

Question 12

Park managers and fire management regime

Answer 12

• controlled burns: allows some natural fires to burn and reduce fuel
• prescribed burns: start small fires

Question 13

Mountain pine beetle

Answer 13

native to North America feeding on pine trees

Question 14

Spruce budworm

Answer 14

native to North America, but causes sever defoliation of millions of acres of spruce and fir. cyclical outbreaks every 35-40 yrs

Question 15

Forest tent caterpillars

Answer 15

native, mostly managing to aspen. cyclical outbreaks of about 3 years every 10-12 yrs

Question 16

Emerald ash borer

Answer 16

invasive pest from asia with documented spread through Canada since 2002. devastating to ash trees

Question 17

Insect outbreaks are important ..

Answer 17

disturbance regime in forest communities in North America

Question 18

Bark beetles

Answer 18

attack particular tree species by boring into bark. show up as needs turn red. dead trees provide nesting and roosting habitat for birds. wind fall cause dead trees blow over and creates gap in mature forests for secondary succession to begin

Question 19

Forest managers attitude for insect outbreaks

Answer 19

grow tree as a crop rather than a forest. (clear cut, spray herbicides, plant seed one tree species, repeat)

Question 20

Monocultures lead to..

Answer 20

massive insect outbreaks

Question 21

Beetle forest in Northern BC

Answer 21

50% of BC central interior economy is driven by forest industry, aggressively logged infested areas to slow the beetle outbreak. 1972-2002 clearcutting results in largest clearcut in world (bowrun cut)

Question 22

Monoculture

Answer 22

growing one species in an area