Topic 17

Question 1

Conservation practices are based on a

Answer 1

thorough understanding of the principles of ecology (integrate ecology w social, political and economics systems)

Question 2

Conservation focus

Answer 2

harvesting species

Question 3

Atlantic cod

Answer 3

potential to reach 2 meters long and 96 kilograms. 25 yr life span, maturity around 2-4, predator at top of food chain, females lay million of eggs

Question 4

Canadian cod fishery

Answer 4

centred around grand banks

Question 5

Cod populations

Answer 5

discovered by john cabot 500 yr ago, population was so abundant you could walk across their backs, thought to be unlimited, now declines across their range including baltic sea and Newfoundland Labrador

Question 6

Cod landings (how much being caught)

Answer 6

↑ 1950s factory freezer trawlers
↓ 1977 200 mile limitEEZ
↓ 1991 Cold year
↓ 1992 Fishing moratorium

Question 7

1950s technology allowed fisherman to ..

Answer 7

fish by trawling a large area to deep depths for longer

Question 8

1960s powerful trawlers

Answer 8

were equipped w radar, electronic navigation systems, and sonar allowed crew to catch fish with un paralleled success

Question 9

In 1977 the 200 mile limit Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Answer 9

excluded foreign nations from fishing in Canadian waters

Question 10

Canadian government set the annual harvest rate (# caught per year) based on

Answer 10

information from scientists

Question 11

WW2 scientist overestimated N set annual harvest too high because..

Answer 11

estimates were based on commercial catch rates (assumed high catches = high n)

Question 12

Aggregated (dispersion) during spawning allowed ..

Answer 12

high catches while population was declining fast

Question 13

Underestimates mortality of fish in 1950s because

Answer 13

• catches were misreported by fishers

- large discarding in by catch when harvesting other species

Question 14

1980s annual harvest rates were higher than scientists recommended because

Answer 14

• fishers lobbied hard for higher harvest rates (thought cod was abundant)
• government maintained annual harvest rates higher than recommended to avoid political suicide

Question 15

1992 Cod population

Answer 15

declined to 99% of original level

Question 16

1995 Cod popualtion

Answer 16

saw a slight increase in population size. government re opened small inshore fishery despite opposition from scientists

Question 17

2003 Cod population

Answer 17

fishery closed again, population had declined to 99.9% of its original level. recommenced to be listed as endangered under Canadas species at risk act

Question 18

Fishing moratorium 1992

Answer 18

fishery was closed to allow population to recover. 19,000 fishers and plant workers became unemployed. 20,000 other jobs were lost

Question 19

In 100s small communities cod fishery was only employer

Answer 19

TAGS/social assistance programs, retraining programs, emigration of people from NL, fishers shifted to harvest other species

Question 20

By- catch =

Answer 20

unused catch discarded at sea “discards” (ex shrimp trawl fishery 33% global by catch, 3:1 to 20:1 by catch vs landed)

Question 21

Misreported and illegal catch and by catch makes it

Answer 21

hard to estimate population declines

Question 22

Cod was killed by the..

Answer 22

nets or die when brought to surface and returned to ocean dead

Question 23

Demersal fish

Answer 23

lives along the ocean floor (ground fish) ex: cod

Question 24

Declines in other spices from the demersal fish group due to..

Answer 24

by catch in cod fishery

Question 25

Population resilience

Answer 25

rate at which a population returns to equilibrium size (K) after population crash

Question 26

Population resilience combines the

Answer 26

age structure, spatial structure and life history characteristics of a population

Question 27

r selected population example

Answer 27

Invest heavily into reproduction (high r) -shorter potential time to return to K again if population is reduced (quick recovery, high resilience)

Question 28

K selected (ex: cod) population example

Answer 28

Invest heavily into growth/survival (low r) –longer potential time to return to K again if the population is reduced (slow recovery, low resilience)

Question 29

2015 we had the

Answer 29

fishery improvement project (FIP)

Question 30

25 years after the moratorium and cod populations still

Answer 30

exist in the critical zone (300,000 tonnes)

Question 31

Rose and Rowe 2016

Answer 31

norther cod comeback, 10,000 to >200,000 tonnes in a decade. growth rates approaching 34% per annum.

Question 32

We are recommended to allow population to grow to ..

Answer 32

900,000 tones to bring back sustainable historical yields (1 more decade)

Question 33

Small scale commercial fisheries being opened by

Answer 33

Newfoundland and Labrador groundfish industry development council (NL-GIDC)