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8- Russian History > Topic 6- The Great Patriotic War And Stalin’s Dictatorship > Flashcards

Topic 6- The Great Patriotic War And Stalin’s Dictatorship Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941

A

German tactical capability
German strategy
Stalins mistakes
Soviet defensive plans
Ra fighting capabilities
Soviet command and communication

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2
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - german tactical capability

A

Blitzkrief swept all before across poland 1939 and balkans spring 1941
Intention was to rpeeat tacticals sucessful in fr
German air power- 3500 aircrafts in lufwaffe- most powerful and experiences air force, no focus on soviet in jun 1941
Pilots experienced, guernica

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3
Q

German strategy Why did the ra perform so badly 1941

A

German military intelligence overemphasised effect of reorganised follow ra performance in winter war finland 1940
Brandenburgers- first germans across- pparachute into territory or on board goods trains- in poland wore civilian clothes, siezed key strategic points
3key points go south go central go north- encircle
War of inhillation- kill destory pillage- creatin fear

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4
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - stalins mistakes

A

Earlier alliance with ger- bought coser together- eagerness to remain neutral- trusted hitler too mcuh
Ignored soviet diplomatic and military intellligence as to locations of ger conc- ra to man whole fronteir- bulk of forces 1st year recurits
Stalins prruge limited military ability to function as modern armed force- 45% senior officers, 71/81 dead, 1441 senior military generals
Cant rely on nationals in former empires

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5
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - soviet defensive plans

A

Sosveit fighters and bombers had been lined up in runways- targets for ger
Plans unsucessful to stop blitzkrieg
Soveits spead across entire border- but blitzkrieg only 3 main areas

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6
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 red army fighting capabilities

A

Av soviet soldier 1941 only basic weaponry skills fall back on- wuanity over qulaity with 14 mill reserves
Outnumbeer ger 3:1
Sucidal waves= bad morale

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7
Q

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 soviet command and communication

A

Command, control centers artierial roads to boarder were targeted and destroyed lyfwaffe- max confusion
Lack of radio communication meant culdnt cooperate- landlines which meant could be cut as no commercial ones- stalin couldnt trust radio
Ger forces able to crack soviet communications across 1800km front, paralyse communications between 20km wide zone helf by nkvd- unable communicate politburo, resort flag signals
Stalin made decisions despite little military experoiecne
Panzer groups sped past- 100km to east- leaving infantry and anti tank guns to shoot up lightly equped soviet forces

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8
Q

Why did hitler invade ussr june 1941

A

Had been preparing conquest of lebensraum since oct 1940- k new ussr badly prepared for war with winter war
Esp wanted ‘ oil fields of cuacuses and agricultural wealth of ukriane’ for vision of ‘greater ger’
Inevitabiliity of battle of annihilation against soviet union- as relationshps deteriorated between ussr and ger foriegn ministers, element of suprise as relations not completely brokn down
Territorial disputes baltics and balkans strained relations0 dusafreenets ribbentrop molotov hitler 1940 convicbed socuets not willing to negotiate
Destory bolshevism- saw closely linked to judaism
Britain isolated but undefeated 1941- may have been part of a larger plan ‘defeat londno via moscow’ (kershw)
Deprive britain of a potential ally- force sekek settlement naxi ger

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9
Q

Operation barbarossa

A

3 mill men
3 army groups
North- baltic states to leningrad
Centre to moscow
South to ukriane and caucuses

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10
Q

Soviet setbacks stage 1- jun 1940 to summer 1941

A

Early sept- 4 mill russiian tropps killed wounded or capitured and 180,000 ger
Since pruges set back signif
600,000 surrender
Soveit forces rapidly expelled from baltic states and leningrad under siege
1942 spring offensive
Av soldier only basic traing 141
227 not a single step back- penal battalions- july 1942
Minsk fall quickly
Moscow attempt push back overcome
Communicatiosn weak no radio
Leningrad high deaths- 4000/day in jan, comp 52,000whole dec- yet claimed 600 died in siege

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11
Q

Leningrad

A

1941- jan 1944
Bombing by ger
High deaths- nov 11,000 to 4000/day in jan
Didnt affect party leadership as in smolny instituet
Pressure relieved by evacuation of women childre and elderly- construction of route across froxen lake- bought supplies
Fuel lines and electrictty power reserves restored in spring with piplenine bottom of lake
Over 600 people died in siege according to russins

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12
Q

Stalingrad

A

Aug 1942- feb 1943
Part of operation blue
Mission led by zhukov
Poor ger moral, soviet pincher offensive, cut off ger troops as hitler ordered to stay- 250,000 cut off
Weather conditions worsened- soveits took airfields
Wounded men left to die, clothes with fleas
After soviet forces came upon pauius (ger) hq jan 1943 90,000 soldiers into captivity, 6,000 return decade later

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13
Q

Moscow

A

Sep 1942- jan 1942
Zhukov defends army suffered 20x ger caulties but wehtmacht could advance no further
59 frein troops diverted from east
Ger retreat but poor soveit offensive led to 500,000 deaths and 20,000 ger
Operation typhoon meant hitler scaled down plan for 1942 summer offenseive

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14
Q

Kursk

A

July 193- aug 1943
Operation citadel promoted by allies- stalin know about already
Soveits laid over rmill mines, complex network of trenches anti tanks
Zhukovv told dates and times by british interceptions, attack on ger 10 mins before them- ger advance hinderance

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15
Q

Soviets sucess phase 1

A

Fuel and electricity restored leningrad- pipeline nuder alke
Moscow didnt fall- if did then stalin and motherfland fall
Propaganda- unite partitiootism protect motherland
Scorched earth policu
Weather turned nov 1941 soveit achieve some uscess with counterattack push inwards from outskirst of moscow- assault halted moscow 5th dec

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16
Q

Phase 2- soveit setbacks

A

1942 summer to summer 1943
Moscow higher deaths- half mill to ger 20,000 huigh attritional rate
Ger get donbass- cut off cuacuases on soviets
Babi yah 30,000 jews killed
Felll of rostov- on don strategic loss- staliin refused to allow an evacuation of stalingrad- cuased 1 million ra high civilian deaths

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17
Q

Stage 2 soveit sucess

A

Leningrad not properly taken
Stalingrad weakening of ger when 2500000 cut off- not cpe well with weather conditions
Kursk- zhukov great leader= stalin step back- told dates by br, ger intelligence- laid overmill mines lots anti tank warfare
Moscow- operation typhonon made hitker scale back 1942 summer offensive
Zhukov counter attack on stalingrad
Moved industrial areas- tractors to tank machines, cola production, dismantle and put on trains
T-34 tanks led to victory at kursk

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18
Q

Stage 3- soveit setbacks

A

Summer 1943 to may 1945
German resolve hardened as attempt to push back
Allied delay in opening front- strectehd soviet lines- d day not until june 1944

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19
Q

Stage 3- soviet sucesses

A

Leningrad ultiately victorious- helfd by citizens
Krusk only 5 tnks lost- use of dummy tanks
Plans more effective and better leadership zhukov
Massive iffensive pushed dec 1943- gained latvia lithuania belarus bulgaria
Beat allies to ebrlin

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20
Q

Why did the tide turn on eastern front 1942-43

A

Harsh military dictatopship
Geography suypply and logistics
Climate and weather
Command and leadership
Resilience ra
Ger brutality

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21
Q

Tide turn- harsh military discipline

A

270 stand up and fight/fight to the last aug 1941- no surrender
227 not a single step back0 not even tactically- battalions to improison or shoot if did

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22
Q

Tide turn- geography supply and logistics

A

Vastness of ussr streatched ger supply lines and left them exposed
Shortages in food, duel clothing and munitions badly limiting ger operations by end 1941
Soveit withdrawn strategically denied valuable reosurces to invaders, inc rolling stock and raw resources

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23
Q

Tide turn- climate and weather

A

Ger troops ill prepared for winter conflict
Soveits learnt form winter war in finland how to fight in winter
Ra troops transfer from east- hardened siberian warriors
Ra artilitery and armou well lubricted cold weather whilst ger forxen

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24
Q

Tide turn command and leadrship

A

Stalin allowed capabke commanders to lead- zhukov
Ra leaders learned as went along
Hitler increasing sized control from his army general s to detriment of operations
Failure at leningrad to assult city
Obessesd with siexing stalingrad and 6th armys thermopolyae (battle of 300)

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25
Q

Tide turn resilience ra

A

Sense of patiriotism resulted in ferocious resistence
Soviet propagnda
Ra soldiers proved tough resilient taken on harshest conditions
Vast reserves of manpower- allow soviet suicidal sacrifices to exhaust ger

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26
Q

Turn tide- ger brutality

A

Initially welcomed by previously occupied territory of ussr, ger brutally ostracisied loacl populations
Partisan groips resisted and disrupted ger operations behind lines result in fight to death
Babi yah outrage

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27
Q

Role of stalin in gpw

A

Purges
Pre war foriegn policy
Immediate response opp barbarossa
Figure head
Wartime ruthlessness
Relationship with generals

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28
Q

Stalin role- purges - pro

A

Not all executed ra commanders were provedn military leaders in mechanised war
Many able middle class level commanders survives

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29
Q

Stalin pruges cons war

A

May 1937- stalin launched vast prueg high ranking ra officers inc tikachevsky
35,000 officers arresed
Rigid conformity mass losses
Industrial complex pruged too- modern tanks not yet mass produced

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30
Q

Stalin role- pre war fp

A

Relised lacking so built up ra and allies

Yet appeasement gave ger more time prepare too, stalin convienced that ger not attack ussr until britain defeated

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31
Q

Stalin role- immediate orle barbarossa

A

Bad
Nazi territory gernans meant loss
Underestimate scale of ger
Stalin retired to dacha- refuse to speak for a week

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32
Q

Stalin role as figurehead pro

A

Comrades citizens brothers and sisters- stalin speech motiae many 3 july 141
First speech since offensive
Simonev recallled ‘my firends’ moves us t tears
Spoke of patriotci war of all people
Stayed in moscow- symbolic on a film recorded - §

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33
Q

Role stailn- cons

A

Stalin not thought of as great orator
No remorse with willingness frongal attcks high casulties
Pavlov tried hold front line but in first weke shot
Special spt nkv-d lead system of spies

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34
Q

Stalin role wartime ruthlessness pro

A

Stalin pshycologiclaly prapre for final push at stalingrad
Red army learned and developed

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35
Q

Stalin wartime ruthelssness con

A

Battle stalingrad- 135000 shot
270- and 227

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36
Q

Stalin role- relationship with generals- pros

A

Valislevsky- chief of army
Antonov deputy
Zhukov
Double encirclement of generals around stalin
Impressive accoridng to ger sir alan brown
Stll held kast word thus decisions of zhukov largely related to him

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37
Q

Why were the osviets victorious gpw

A

Role of stalin
Hitlers mistakes
Orthodox church role
Soviet propaganda
Resilience ra
Geography and climate
Partisan activities
Contributions of women
Agriculture
Alliied support
Industry and production

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38
Q

Victory role of stalin

A

1941 3july- first broadcast- borther sand sisters- smonev my firends moved to etars
Patriotic rather ideological
1941 mov stalin adrss red square parade- death to the enemies
Allowed capable lead zhukov
Stayed in moscow

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39
Q

Victory hitler mistake

A

Hitler increasingly sized control from his generals to detirment
Initially welcmed in ussr but ger brutality- babi yah
Stalingrad hitler ordered to stay= 250,000 left
Moscow oepration typhoon mad ehitler scale down 1942 summer offensive

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40
Q

Victory orthodox church role

A

1937 census- 55% people declared held religiouys belief
War descriebd as holy war
Stalin abolish league militant goldess as reward country commitment
Removed restrictions saw 157000 churched reopen

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41
Q

Victory soveit propaganda

A

Simonov poem tell him- fostered hatred- sumemr of hate 1942
Red star newspaper- recorded no captured ger tanks and planes
Barber (hisrian) stalin form start of war associated with motherland (rodha)- stalin represents hope
Glontz- constant propaganaa and political agitation one fo factors help ra to ruthless

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42
Q

Victory resilience of ra

A

3% male consciprt born 1923 survive until 1945
Figes soviet greatest weapon
Ra troppo transfer from eastern were hardned isberian warroers
Sense of patriotism from ferocious resistance
Vas rosuces in mandpower allowed suicidal sacrifices exhaust ger
270 and 227
War of tatition
Moscow and stalingrad

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43
Q

Victory geography and climate

A

Vastness of ussr stretch ger uspply lines
Shortages of food ffuel clothing and munitions badly limited ger operated at end 1941
Soveit scorched eather polic
Ger underpreaperrd for winter conlfitc yet russian already know
Ra artillery well lubicated ger stuck

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44
Q

Victory partisan activities

A

Stalin demanded create partisan guerilla units in ger occupied territory
1941 members of partisans and komosomol help patrisans
Mid 1942 each partisan group has nkvd cell attached
Tanya- propaganda tool- teenage gril patrisna tortuered and interrogated by ger= last words stalin is with us

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45
Q

Victory contibtions of women

A

Fronted 500,000 armed forces, 500000 back up support
Central womens chool for sniper trianing produced 1061 ssinpers
3 seperate owmens air groups= night day and bombers
Made up 51-53% workforce 1942 domp 41% pre war
80% agricultural worker swomem 1942-45

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46
Q

Victory allied support

A

1941 fdr land lease act- import tanks and jeaps- 1/3 soviet vehicles from abroad
Land lease 5% ussr gdp
Spam food us
Blestchley park decoded naxi code
1945 d day new front
1943 mass bombings raf and usad- weakend industrial heartland ger

47
Q

Victory industry and porduction

A

1523 fatcories moved east of urals dec 1941
50 alrge factoroes evac from don and volga regions
3500 new fatcoirs focudsed war production
T 34 tanks the best

48
Q

Political consequences of war

A

Genuine superpower econ and militarily
Strengthened stalins regime with victory and triumph over hated enemy
Proved what comm state could do

49
Q

Future consequences

A

Clear by later 1945 ww2 replaces by ideological conflict cold war
Peace settlement v challenging
Aim keep ger as weak as possible
Conceredn security- us atomic bonbs

50
Q

Gains from war

A

Unleashed material and econ potential
Expand territory inc baltic states occupy much of east central empire alllow stalin establish pro soveit regimes

51
Q

Losses from war

A

Mass migration 12 million 1944-45 to west
Casulties over 29 million- 84% died wiunded or capitured
Total deaths around 17 milll
1700 towns 7000 villages decimated- 25 mill homelss,

52
Q

Industrial problems post war

A

Nove- years- odly shapeless peirod- econ policy ideas rfrozen into their pre war moulds
Factories left in ruins, mines floods, shousands km of track and rolling stofk destoryed
70% insudtrial production left in western occupied region
145-46- mining halved, electircity 52% capcity, steel 45% pre war level

53
Q

Agricultural problems post war

A

Nearly 40% jikjihoz stopped functioning
Many peasants return privatised famrs
Heavy loss life
Shortage 137000 traactors
Food production 1940. 60% level
Grain procurement 70%- lead to famine

54
Q

Main aims/policy for industry

A

4th 5y plan 1946-50
85% investment devoted to ehavy industries and cpautal goods- consumer goods take back seat
33% plan target ukraine
Exceed pre war levels
Increas elabour output- leningrad 30h/month ontop 8 hour days, 2 mill prisoner of wars

55
Q

Main aims agriculture

A

Kolkohoz reformed
Cenyral conttol
1948 stalin plan for the trandformation of nature= plants in unsuitible paces
Stalins writining not allowd challngng - ie economic problems of socialism in ussr 1952- more jsutification of soviet policu than attampt to identify reofmr or innovation in countryside

56
Q

Sucess industry post war

A

Dnueve dan back operational and generate electricity 1947
Producing coal steel pre war goods- nove past pre 1940 levels, coal 1940 to 5t0- 166 to 261 mill ntonnes, tractors x4
Conc produce armaments- soveit armed forces almost doubled 1946-54
Atom bomb tested 1949

57
Q

Sucess agiructltrue

A

Provate plots kept affloat
Some recovery but still beow 1940-52- 95.6 to 92.2

58
Q

Setbacks and failures industry

A

Bottlenecks
Few resources consumer goods
Lt growth trends slower western europe
Incressingly produce new consumer gods for bop- tv vaccum cleaners yet exported not sold domestically

59
Q

Setbacks and failures agriculture

A

Crop rotation- unsituiale grasses enforced
Ideas of lysenko unsuitable yet encouraged
Tax increse eg fruit tax
Villages left no electircity or materials to rebuild post war
Phasing out rationing led to tgreat pressur eto incrrease output
Deval of rouble= dec 1947- gods cheaper cities but wipe out peasants savings

60
Q

High stalininsm

A

Years stalin most power over state
1045-53
Lewis would ague started n 1934 with assasinateion of kirov

61
Q

High stalinism politics

A

Expand eastern europe
Centralised- politburo yet stalin decided- vozhd
No party conference 1939-52
Perment rev
Beurarcratic nomenclatura
Ghreat prucge
Heroic victor gpw
No signif opp
Decrease influence zhukov by sending to odessa

62
Q

High stalinism culture

A

Cult of perosnlaity- god like
Stirct censoship, littel kowlege of outside world
Union of writer sartists
No independent cultural organisation

63
Q

High stalinism- fear and terror

A

Seperate nkvd= yezhov scapgoat
Class warfare
Shakty tril- trail 16 17 21- show trials
Dekulakisation
Gulags and siberia

64
Q

High stalinism econ

A

Rapidly idnsurtialse- catch up west
Wage differentials
Urals siberian methord
Gospan and veshenka
5y planned ecn
Magnitogrowsk- gigantomania- big projects

65
Q

Society- high stalinism

A

Remove foriegners- 400,000 volga germans
Bolshevism new rleigion- later 1940-45 did allow some orthodox return
Women traditional 1936 family code
Ineuqality remaindd- in patry stakhanovites
Youth increased eductaion komsomol, young pioneers

66
Q

Attack on poland

A

Stalin saw the invasion as chance to renew rev crusade stopped in 1920
Invsading soviet troops w nkvd
Built rev on playing on local etnic hatreds between west ukranians belorussians and dominant polish majority
In 18 months of soviet occupation thhey deported aroudn 300,000 poles and arrested about 12,000 others - mostly landowners businessmen, police
Executed 15000 polish pows and 7000 bourgois prisoners

67
Q

Soviet control baltic states

A

Imposed soviet rule through rigged electinos
Arresting antiseoviet elenents in cleansing operation
Deported or killed 140,000 latvians estonians anad lithuanians
During 12 month socupation by red army

68
Q

Fighting finland gpw

A

Molotov admitted 52,000 ra sokers killed in 5 months

69
Q

Stlain ignored intelligence reportsq

A

Yet no generals wanted to question his autority
Great terror ‘has paralysed the armys leadership, deprivng it of all initiative’

70
Q

Deaths of leadership gpw

A

1937-jun 1941 over 80,000 ra officeers, inc more than hald regiment commanders- so inexperienced juniors thurst into positions of command

71
Q

Leningrad tactics used

A

Zhukov sent in
3 million people urged to remain with propaganda

72
Q

Proetsts in war

A

Against stricter lab discipline and ration cuts
Assuming workers opp

73
Q

Deaths leningrad

A

1/3 of pop died cold starvtiona nd disease by 1944 when siege lifted

74
Q

Stalin speech later in war

A

From lenin mauseleam
Stalin called in assembled troops to emulate ra spirit in civil war
‘We had no allies, we had no red army’ ‘at that time fourteen states were opposed

75
Q

Impact of no 227

A

158000 soviet trops shot
436,000 imprisoned
Used at desperate moments ie stalingrad 13,500 executed in space of a few weeks
Impact of terror systemmn not exaggerated, largely ignored by commanders learned from expeince that such harshness not as effective

76
Q

Changes made to military in gpw

A

‘Internationale’ replaced by new nat anthem
Military heroes from russian history appeared on soviet medals
State lifted much pre-war political controls on religious activities in exchange for churchs mora lsupport in war campaignq

77
Q

Use of literature

A

Kill him 1942 siminov
Call on soliders kill ‘every german’ in revenge for fasicst rapes of russian mothers and in remmeberence of sacrifice of their fathers in ww1

78
Q

Cult of sacrifice

A

Indoctrinated in youth since civil war,
In 5y plans hardships had to be endures
Ethos esp in ‘generation of ‘41’ born in 1910s and 1920s- brought up on legendary tales of soveit heros, record breaking pilots and stakhanovites and soldiers of civil war
‘In emulation of their actions’ that so many went to war
Samoilov in poem- civil war was ‘fathers’, 5y plan ‘older brotehrs’ gpw ‘this is us’

79
Q

Shift in leadership during war

A

Away from stalin to military council dominated by political officers, to general staff which took the lead in planning operations and kept party leadership informed

80
Q

Medals in gpw

A

Reintroduced
11mill given out 1941-45- 8x more than usa

Epaulettes reintroduced too

81
Q

Party membership in war

A

6 mill in 1945- over half fodf which serve in armed forces, 2/3 joined it in the war

82
Q

Mood of 5y plan

A

Summarized by pravda argued in 1944 that ‘personal qualities of every party member should be judged by his practical contribution to the war efort’ test good b was conduct in war

83
Q

Intensity during wr

A

72h weeks norm
Many workers taking all meals and sleeping in factories fear bbeing late in morning

84
Q

Gulag labour in war

A

Produce 15% of all soveit amunition
Could be worked until died- 1942 death rate 25%
But could be replenished by pow and collaborators with enemy or nationalist

85
Q

Pride during gpw

A

American writer smith recalls convo with soveit scientist- ‘it was not their country then, but our country’

86
Q

war improvements

A

Alliance with gb and usa meant that opened up to western influence
Western books and goods with lend lease
Restauranats and commercial shops apear on moscw

87
Q

Dissolved comintern

A

1943

88
Q

Stalin bargained for territorial gains

A

Tehran conference - nov 1943- stalin pushed the british and americans to agree to major territorial gains for the ussr, including eastern poland up to the curzon line- 1919 border and baltic states

89
Q

Why mass deportation in baltic lands and west ukraine

A

Ethnic cleansing- to make room for mainly russian but also east ukrainian immigrants

90
Q

Salami tactics in hungary

A

Despite conservatiev smallholders party won clear majority in nov elections, voroshilov stalins pro consul imposed a coalition government with communists controlling interior ministery and the police

91
Q

How did stalin tighten control post war years

A

Terror
Xenophobia
Removing opp
Propaganda- cult of stalin
Censorship

92
Q

Terror- tighten control

A

Increased counter rev activity
Seperate nkvd into domestic and foiregn with beria head- mgb abroad, mvp domestic
Increased use gulags- 2.5 mill, 12 mill wartime survivors passed through lab camps
1/5 army came back- rest lab camps- fear been better

93
Q

Removing opp= stalin terror post gpq

A

Remobe general zkukhov and other high officers- odesa to urals- potentially celebrated war hero
Mingrelian case- anti beria
All returned pow arrested or interrogate-d open to ideas, paanoia
Opp oliltburo- pit against each other, imrpison kalinin and molotov wide as jewish
Prueg leningrad party

94
Q

Leningrad affair

A

Escalated from attacks on vozneghi to major purge of leading officials
Executed oct 1950
2000 officials form city dismissed from posts, exiled and replaced pro stalin groups

95
Q

Propaganda- cult of stalin tighten control

A

Stalin greatest wartime leader
70th birthday celebrations- moscow red square domienated giant painting of stalin
Pockmarks removed face to make perfect
Stalin prizes replaced nobel prizes fofr art science

96
Q

Xenophobia to increase control post gpw

A

Antisemitiusm- the doctors plot
Mingrelian case
Deportatiosn latvian jewish georgians ukraninas volga ger all ukrinain offclas r- superior to ukrianinsa

97
Q

Doctors pot

A

Blame jewish doctors for killing kharov as part of us zionist polit
Israel formed 1948
Remove jewish anti fascist group
Report made in 1948 yet not used until 1952
Several thousand jews disappear to gulags
Anti jewish press

98
Q

Mingrelian case

A

Accused party offials in 1951 in georgeia of collaborate western powers
Officers mostly mingrelin ethnic gorups georgeia- beria too- aim to limit his power
Georgians also wanted indepdnence

99
Q

Censorhip to tighten control post gpw

A

Holywood banned
Function of writers union was educatie on bol rev- 1948 turn on soviet composer not fullyl reflect glovrious victory- eateing out of the hands of the eneemy
Destroy intelligensia
Chemsists arrested but physicians more safe due to nuclear project
Einstein left

100
Q

Why did stalins terror retrun in final 5y

A

Political contro
Character of stalin
Strength nkvd
Cold war context
Fear- tool of control

101
Q

Terror return= political control

A

Maintain role as vozhd
Stalins attempt limit power of his rivals
Almsot all politburom members live in fear
Played rivals agianst each oher- uutilise a ivide and rule approach- pre war strategy
Cut leningrad party in size

102
Q

Terror return- character of stalin

A

Increasingly unstable, paranoid as aged
Failing health- high blood prssure mental deterioration
Hysterior exnophobia antisemitism

103
Q

Terror return strength nkvd

A

Expanded in terror ordganisation
Beria sadistic and psychopathic chief

104
Q

Terror retun cold war context

A

Strength of ussr dependedn on ability to compete with usa
Cia created 1947 so expanded mgb
Isral regime puupet stae usa lead anti zionist in ussr- doctors plot

105
Q

Fear tool of controol- terror returned

A

Ultilsed under tsar and lenin- never went away
Stalin had lent on fear and intimidation since 1928
Lessened among pop during war

106
Q

Ideological conformity

A

Cominformity
Within soviet zone
Enforced by cominform- facilitate direct soveit control on countries in spehere influence

107
Q

4th 5y plan

A

1946-50
Most investment in heavy industry
Industrial output increased 80% 45-50
Oikl coal steel electicity rose
By 1950 some factories suprlass pre war levels
Discpiline at work
Few consumer goods- limited impact living standards, deval rouble 1947 made worse as destroyed svaings
Fastest growing econ in owordl

108
Q

Post war agriculture

A

1952 below 1940 harvest
1946 under 50% pre war levels

109
Q

How much of pop killed gpw

A

18%

110
Q

Why was morale low in gpw

A

Follwing purges

111
Q

Before turning point how badly

A

R lost 6 mill and industrial capcity- by time ger halted
At v start 50 mile per day rate of advancement by ger- blitzkrieg

112
Q

How ussr got resources

A

Artic route
Send resource sto soveits

113
Q

Stalin death reaction

A

Celebration labour camps, terror, purges attecks minorities, power centralised, famine
Grief for others- achievements- turned russia into superpower, won gpw, modernised russia to nucelar powerhouse

Period afetr war- best as victorious yet percieved threats restart purges, and rebuild country- similar to 1930s

8- Russian History (16 decks)

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