Topic 6- The Great Patriotic War And Stalin’s Dictatorship

Question 1

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941

Answer 1

German tactical capability
German strategy
Stalins mistakes
Soviet defensive plans
Ra fighting capabilities
Soviet command and communication

Question 2

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - german tactical capability

Answer 2

Blitzkrief swept all before across poland 1939 and balkans spring 1941
Intention was to rpeeat tacticals sucessful in fr
German air power- 3500 aircrafts in lufwaffe- most powerful and experiences air force, no focus on soviet in jun 1941
Pilots experienced, guernica

Question 3

German strategy Why did the ra perform so badly 1941

Answer 3

German military intelligence overemphasised effect of reorganised follow ra performance in winter war finland 1940
Brandenburgers- first germans across- pparachute into territory or on board goods trains- in poland wore civilian clothes, siezed key strategic points
3key points go south go central go north- encircle
War of inhillation- kill destory pillage- creatin fear

Question 4

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - stalins mistakes

Answer 4

Earlier alliance with ger- bought coser together- eagerness to remain neutral- trusted hitler too mcuh
Ignored soviet diplomatic and military intellligence as to locations of ger conc- ra to man whole fronteir- bulk of forces 1st year recurits
Stalins prruge limited military ability to function as modern armed force- 45% senior officers, 71/81 dead, 1441 senior military generals
Cant rely on nationals in former empires

Question 5

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 - soviet defensive plans

Answer 5

Sosveit fighters and bombers had been lined up in runways- targets for ger
Plans unsucessful to stop blitzkrieg
Soveits spead across entire border- but blitzkrieg only 3 main areas

Question 6

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 red army fighting capabilities

Answer 6

Av soviet soldier 1941 only basic weaponry skills fall back on- wuanity over qulaity with 14 mill reserves
Outnumbeer ger 3:1
Sucidal waves= bad morale

Question 7

Why did the ra perform so badly 1941 soviet command and communication

Answer 7

Command, control centers artierial roads to boarder were targeted and destroyed lyfwaffe- max confusion
Lack of radio communication meant culdnt cooperate- landlines which meant could be cut as no commercial ones- stalin couldnt trust radio
Ger forces able to crack soviet communications across 1800km front, paralyse communications between 20km wide zone helf by nkvd- unable communicate politburo, resort flag signals
Stalin made decisions despite little military experoiecne
Panzer groups sped past- 100km to east- leaving infantry and anti tank guns to shoot up lightly equped soviet forces

Question 8

Why did hitler invade ussr june 1941

Answer 8

Had been preparing conquest of lebensraum since oct 1940- k new ussr badly prepared for war with winter war
Esp wanted ‘ oil fields of cuacuses and agricultural wealth of ukriane’ for vision of ‘greater ger’
Inevitabiliity of battle of annihilation against soviet union- as relationshps deteriorated between ussr and ger foriegn ministers, element of suprise as relations not completely brokn down
Territorial disputes baltics and balkans strained relations0 dusafreenets ribbentrop molotov hitler 1940 convicbed socuets not willing to negotiate
Destory bolshevism- saw closely linked to judaism
Britain isolated but undefeated 1941- may have been part of a larger plan ‘defeat londno via moscow’ (kershw)
Deprive britain of a potential ally- force sekek settlement naxi ger

Question 9

Operation barbarossa

Answer 9

3 mill men
3 army groups
North- baltic states to leningrad
Centre to moscow
South to ukriane and caucuses

Question 10

Soviet setbacks stage 1- jun 1940 to summer 1941

Answer 10

Early sept- 4 mill russiian tropps killed wounded or capitured and 180,000 ger
Since pruges set back signif
600,000 surrender
Soveit forces rapidly expelled from baltic states and leningrad under siege
1942 spring offensive
Av soldier only basic traing 141
227 not a single step back- penal battalions- july 1942
Minsk fall quickly
Moscow attempt push back overcome
Communicatiosn weak no radio
Leningrad high deaths- 4000/day in jan, comp 52,000whole dec- yet claimed 600 died in siege

Question 11

Leningrad

Answer 11

1941- jan 1944
Bombing by ger
High deaths- nov 11,000 to 4000/day in jan
Didnt affect party leadership as in smolny instituet
Pressure relieved by evacuation of women childre and elderly- construction of route across froxen lake- bought supplies
Fuel lines and electrictty power reserves restored in spring with piplenine bottom of lake
Over 600 people died in siege according to russins

Question 12

Stalingrad

Answer 12

Aug 1942- feb 1943
Part of operation blue
Mission led by zhukov
Poor ger moral, soviet pincher offensive, cut off ger troops as hitler ordered to stay- 250,000 cut off
Weather conditions worsened- soveits took airfields
Wounded men left to die, clothes with fleas
After soviet forces came upon pauius (ger) hq jan 1943 90,000 soldiers into captivity, 6,000 return decade later

Question 13

Moscow

Answer 13

Sep 1942- jan 1942
Zhukov defends army suffered 20x ger caulties but wehtmacht could advance no further
59 frein troops diverted from east
Ger retreat but poor soveit offensive led to 500,000 deaths and 20,000 ger
Operation typhoon meant hitler scaled down plan for 1942 summer offenseive

Question 14

Kursk

Answer 14

July 193- aug 1943
Operation citadel promoted by allies- stalin know about already
Soveits laid over rmill mines, complex network of trenches anti tanks
Zhukovv told dates and times by british interceptions, attack on ger 10 mins before them- ger advance hinderance

Question 15

Soviets sucess phase 1

Answer 15

Fuel and electricity restored leningrad- pipeline nuder alke
Moscow didnt fall- if did then stalin and motherfland fall
Propaganda- unite partitiootism protect motherland
Scorched earth policu
Weather turned nov 1941 soveit achieve some uscess with counterattack push inwards from outskirst of moscow- assault halted moscow 5th dec

Question 16

Phase 2- soveit setbacks

Answer 16

1942 summer to summer 1943
Moscow higher deaths- half mill to ger 20,000 huigh attritional rate
Ger get donbass- cut off cuacuases on soviets
Babi yah 30,000 jews killed
Felll of rostov- on don strategic loss- staliin refused to allow an evacuation of stalingrad- cuased 1 million ra high civilian deaths

Question 17

Stage 2 soveit sucess

Answer 17

Leningrad not properly taken
Stalingrad weakening of ger when 2500000 cut off- not cpe well with weather conditions
Kursk- zhukov great leader= stalin step back- told dates by br, ger intelligence- laid overmill mines lots anti tank warfare
Moscow- operation typhonon made hitker scale back 1942 summer offensive
Zhukov counter attack on stalingrad
Moved industrial areas- tractors to tank machines, cola production, dismantle and put on trains
T-34 tanks led to victory at kursk

Question 18

Stage 3- soveit setbacks

Answer 18

Summer 1943 to may 1945
German resolve hardened as attempt to push back
Allied delay in opening front- strectehd soviet lines- d day not until june 1944

Question 19

Stage 3- soviet sucesses

Answer 19

Leningrad ultiately victorious- helfd by citizens
Krusk only 5 tnks lost- use of dummy tanks
Plans more effective and better leadership zhukov
Massive iffensive pushed dec 1943- gained latvia lithuania belarus bulgaria
Beat allies to ebrlin

Question 20

Why did the tide turn on eastern front 1942-43

Answer 20

Harsh military dictatopship
Geography suypply and logistics
Climate and weather
Command and leadership
Resilience ra
Ger brutality

Question 21

Tide turn- harsh military discipline

Answer 21

270 stand up and fight/fight to the last aug 1941- no surrender
227 not a single step back0 not even tactically- battalions to improison or shoot if did

Question 22

Tide turn- geography supply and logistics

Answer 22

Vastness of ussr streatched ger supply lines and left them exposed
Shortages in food, duel clothing and munitions badly limiting ger operations by end 1941
Soveit withdrawn strategically denied valuable reosurces to invaders, inc rolling stock and raw resources

Question 23

Tide turn- climate and weather

Answer 23

Ger troops ill prepared for winter conflict
Soveits learnt form winter war in finland how to fight in winter
Ra troops transfer from east- hardened siberian warriors
Ra artilitery and armou well lubricted cold weather whilst ger forxen

Question 24

Tide turn command and leadrship

Answer 24

Stalin allowed capabke commanders to lead- zhukov
Ra leaders learned as went along
Hitler increasing sized control from his army general s to detriment of operations
Failure at leningrad to assult city
Obessesd with siexing stalingrad and 6th armys thermopolyae (battle of 300)

Question 25

Tide turn resilience ra

Answer 25

Sense of patiriotism resulted in ferocious resistence Soviet propagnda Ra soldiers proved tough resilient taken on harshest conditions Vast reserves of manpower- allow soviet suicidal sacrifices to exhaust ger

Question 26

Turn tide- ger brutality

Answer 26

Initially welcomed by previously occupied territory of ussr, ger brutally ostracisied loacl populations Partisan groips resisted and disrupted ger operations behind lines result in fight to death Babi yah outrage

Question 27

Role of stalin in gpw

Answer 27

Purges Pre war foriegn policy Immediate response opp barbarossa Figure head Wartime ruthlessness Relationship with generals

Question 28

Stalin role- purges - pro

Answer 28

Not all executed ra commanders were provedn military leaders in mechanised war Many able middle class level commanders survives

Question 29

Stalin pruges cons war

Answer 29

May 1937- stalin launched vast prueg high ranking ra officers inc tikachevsky 35,000 officers arresed Rigid conformity mass losses Industrial complex pruged too- modern tanks not yet mass produced

Question 30

Stalin role- pre war fp

Answer 30

Relised lacking so built up ra and allies Yet appeasement gave ger more time prepare too, stalin convienced that ger not attack ussr until britain defeated

Question 31

Stalin role- immediate orle barbarossa

Answer 31

Bad Nazi territory gernans meant loss Underestimate scale of ger Stalin retired to dacha- refuse to speak for a week

Question 32

Stalin role as figurehead pro

Answer 32

Comrades citizens brothers and sisters- stalin speech motiae many 3 july 141 First speech since offensive Simonev recallled ‘my firends’ moves us t tears Spoke of patriotci war of all people Stayed in moscow- symbolic on a film recorded - §

Question 33

Role stailn- cons

Answer 33

Stalin not thought of as great orator No remorse with willingness frongal attcks high casulties Pavlov tried hold front line but in first weke shot Special spt nkv-d lead system of spies

Question 34

Stalin role wartime ruthlessness pro

Answer 34

Stalin pshycologiclaly prapre for final push at stalingrad Red army learned and developed

Question 35

Stalin wartime ruthelssness con

Answer 35

Battle stalingrad- 135000 shot 270- and 227

Question 36

Stalin role- relationship with generals- pros

Answer 36

Valislevsky- chief of army Antonov deputy Zhukov Double encirclement of generals around stalin Impressive accoridng to ger sir alan brown Stll held kast word thus decisions of zhukov largely related to him

Question 37

Why were the osviets victorious gpw

Answer 37

Role of stalin Hitlers mistakes Orthodox church role Soviet propaganda Resilience ra Geography and climate Partisan activities Contributions of women Agriculture Alliied support Industry and production

Question 38

Victory role of stalin

Answer 38

1941 3july- first broadcast- borther sand sisters- smonev my firends moved to etars Patriotic rather ideological 1941 mov stalin adrss red square parade- death to the enemies Allowed capable lead zhukov Stayed in moscow

Question 39

Victory hitler mistake

Answer 39

Hitler increasingly sized control from his generals to detirment Initially welcmed in ussr but ger brutality- babi yah Stalingrad hitler ordered to stay= 250,000 left Moscow oepration typhoon mad ehitler scale down 1942 summer offensive

Question 40

Victory orthodox church role

Answer 40

1937 census- 55% people declared held religiouys belief War descriebd as holy war Stalin abolish league militant goldess as reward country commitment Removed restrictions saw 157000 churched reopen

Question 41

Victory soveit propaganda

Answer 41

Simonov poem tell him- fostered hatred- sumemr of hate 1942 Red star newspaper- recorded no captured ger tanks and planes Barber (hisrian) stalin form start of war associated with motherland (rodha)- stalin represents hope Glontz- constant propaganaa and political agitation one fo factors help ra to ruthless

Question 42

Victory resilience of ra

Answer 42

3% male consciprt born 1923 survive until 1945 Figes soviet greatest weapon Ra troppo transfer from eastern were hardned isberian warroers Sense of patriotism from ferocious resistance Vas rosuces in mandpower allowed suicidal sacrifices exhaust ger 270 and 227 War of tatition Moscow and stalingrad

Question 43

Victory geography and climate

Answer 43

Vastness of ussr stretch ger uspply lines Shortages of food ffuel clothing and munitions badly limited ger operated at end 1941 Soveit scorched eather polic Ger underpreaperrd for winter conlfitc yet russian already know Ra artillery well lubicated ger stuck

Question 44

Victory partisan activities

Answer 44

Stalin demanded create partisan guerilla units in ger occupied territory 1941 members of partisans and komosomol help patrisans Mid 1942 each partisan group has nkvd cell attached Tanya- propaganda tool- teenage gril patrisna tortuered and interrogated by ger= last words stalin is with us

Question 45

Victory contibtions of women

Answer 45

Fronted 500,000 armed forces, 500000 back up support Central womens chool for sniper trianing produced 1061 ssinpers 3 seperate owmens air groups= night day and bombers Made up 51-53% workforce 1942 domp 41% pre war 80% agricultural worker swomem 1942-45

Question 46

Victory allied support

Answer 46

1941 fdr land lease act- import tanks and jeaps- 1/3 soviet vehicles from abroad Land lease 5% ussr gdp Spam food us Blestchley park decoded naxi code 1945 d day new front 1943 mass bombings raf and usad- weakend industrial heartland ger

Question 47

Victory industry and porduction

Answer 47

1523 fatcories moved east of urals dec 1941 50 alrge factoroes evac from don and volga regions 3500 new fatcoirs focudsed war production T 34 tanks the best

Question 48

Political consequences of war

Answer 48

Genuine superpower econ and militarily Strengthened stalins regime with victory and triumph over hated enemy Proved what comm state could do

Question 49

Future consequences

Answer 49

Clear by later 1945 ww2 replaces by ideological conflict cold war Peace settlement v challenging Aim keep ger as weak as possible Conceredn security- us atomic bonbs

Question 50

Gains from war

Answer 50

Unleashed material and econ potential Expand territory inc baltic states occupy much of east central empire alllow stalin establish pro soveit regimes

Question 51

Losses from war

Answer 51

Mass migration 12 million 1944-45 to west Casulties over 29 million- 84% died wiunded or capitured Total deaths around 17 milll 1700 towns 7000 villages decimated- 25 mill homelss,

Question 52

Industrial problems post war

Answer 52

Nove- years- odly shapeless peirod- econ policy ideas rfrozen into their pre war moulds Factories left in ruins, mines floods, shousands km of track and rolling stofk destoryed 70% insudtrial production left in western occupied region 145-46- mining halved, electircity 52% capcity, steel 45% pre war level

Question 53

Agricultural problems post war

Answer 53

Nearly 40% jikjihoz stopped functioning Many peasants return privatised famrs Heavy loss life Shortage 137000 traactors Food production 1940. 60% level Grain procurement 70%- lead to famine

Question 54

Main aims/policy for industry

Answer 54

4th 5y plan 1946-50 85% investment devoted to ehavy industries and cpautal goods- consumer goods take back seat 33% plan target ukraine Exceed pre war levels Increas elabour output- leningrad 30h/month ontop 8 hour days, 2 mill prisoner of wars

Question 55

Main aims agriculture

Answer 55

Kolkohoz reformed Cenyral conttol 1948 stalin plan for the trandformation of nature= plants in unsuitible paces Stalins writining not allowd challngng - ie economic problems of socialism in ussr 1952- more jsutification of soviet policu than attampt to identify reofmr or innovation in countryside

Question 56

Sucess industry post war

Answer 56

Dnueve dan back operational and generate electricity 1947 Producing coal steel pre war goods- nove past pre 1940 levels, coal 1940 to 5t0- 166 to 261 mill ntonnes, tractors x4 Conc produce armaments- soveit armed forces almost doubled 1946-54 Atom bomb tested 1949

Question 57

Sucess agiructltrue

Answer 57

Provate plots kept affloat Some recovery but still beow 1940-52- 95.6 to 92.2

Question 58

Setbacks and failures industry

Answer 58

Bottlenecks Few resources consumer goods Lt growth trends slower western europe Incressingly produce new consumer gods for bop- tv vaccum cleaners yet exported not sold domestically

Question 59

Setbacks and failures agriculture

Answer 59

Crop rotation- unsituiale grasses enforced Ideas of lysenko unsuitable yet encouraged Tax increse eg fruit tax Villages left no electircity or materials to rebuild post war Phasing out rationing led to tgreat pressur eto incrrease output Deval of rouble= dec 1947- gods cheaper cities but wipe out peasants savings

Question 60

High stalininsm

Answer 60

Years stalin most power over state 1045-53 Lewis would ague started n 1934 with assasinateion of kirov

Question 61

High stalinism politics

Answer 61

Expand eastern europe Centralised- politburo yet stalin decided- vozhd No party conference 1939-52 Perment rev Beurarcratic nomenclatura Ghreat prucge Heroic victor gpw No signif opp Decrease influence zhukov by sending to odessa

Question 62

High stalinism culture

Answer 62

Cult of perosnlaity- god like Stirct censoship, littel kowlege of outside world Union of writer sartists No independent cultural organisation

Question 63

High stalinism- fear and terror

Answer 63

Seperate nkvd= yezhov scapgoat Class warfare Shakty tril- trail 16 17 21- show trials Dekulakisation Gulags and siberia

Question 64

High stalinism econ

Answer 64

Rapidly idnsurtialse- catch up west Wage differentials Urals siberian methord Gospan and veshenka 5y planned ecn Magnitogrowsk- gigantomania- big projects

Question 65

Society- high stalinism

Answer 65

Remove foriegners- 400,000 volga germans Bolshevism new rleigion- later 1940-45 did allow some orthodox return Women traditional 1936 family code Ineuqality remaindd- in patry stakhanovites Youth increased eductaion komsomol, young pioneers

Question 66

Attack on poland

Answer 66

Stalin saw the invasion as chance to renew rev crusade stopped in 1920 Invsading soviet troops w nkvd Built rev on playing on local etnic hatreds between west ukranians belorussians and dominant polish majority In 18 months of soviet occupation thhey deported aroudn 300,000 poles and arrested about 12,000 others - mostly landowners businessmen, police Executed 15000 polish pows and 7000 bourgois prisoners

Question 67

Soviet control baltic states

Answer 67

Imposed soviet rule through rigged electinos Arresting antiseoviet elenents in cleansing operation Deported or killed 140,000 latvians estonians anad lithuanians During 12 month socupation by red army

Question 68

Fighting finland gpw

Answer 68

Molotov admitted 52,000 ra sokers killed in 5 months

Question 69

Stlain ignored intelligence reportsq

Answer 69

Yet no generals wanted to question his autority Great terror ‘has paralysed the armys leadership, deprivng it of all initiative’

Question 70

Deaths of leadership gpw

Answer 70

1937-jun 1941 over 80,000 ra officeers, inc more than hald regiment commanders- so inexperienced juniors thurst into positions of command

Question 71

Leningrad tactics used

Answer 71

Zhukov sent in 3 million people urged to remain with propaganda

Question 72

Proetsts in war

Answer 72

Against stricter lab discipline and ration cuts Assuming workers opp

Question 73

Deaths leningrad

Answer 73

1/3 of pop died cold starvtiona nd disease by 1944 when siege lifted

Question 74

Stalin speech later in war

Answer 74

From lenin mauseleam Stalin called in assembled troops to emulate ra spirit in civil war ‘We had no allies, we had no red army’ ‘at that time fourteen states were opposed

Question 75

Impact of no 227

Answer 75

158000 soviet trops shot 436,000 imprisoned Used at desperate moments ie stalingrad 13,500 executed in space of a few weeks Impact of terror systemmn not exaggerated, largely ignored by commanders learned from expeince that such harshness not as effective

Question 76

Changes made to military in gpw

Answer 76

‘Internationale’ replaced by new nat anthem Military heroes from russian history appeared on soviet medals State lifted much pre-war political controls on religious activities in exchange for churchs mora lsupport in war campaignq

Question 77

Use of literature

Answer 77

Kill him 1942 siminov Call on soliders kill ‘every german’ in revenge for fasicst rapes of russian mothers and in remmeberence of sacrifice of their fathers in ww1

Question 78

Cult of sacrifice

Answer 78

Indoctrinated in youth since civil war, In 5y plans hardships had to be endures Ethos esp in ‘generation of ‘41’ born in 1910s and 1920s- brought up on legendary tales of soveit heros, record breaking pilots and stakhanovites and soldiers of civil war ‘In emulation of their actions’ that so many went to war Samoilov in poem- civil war was ‘fathers’, 5y plan ‘older brotehrs’ gpw ‘this is us’

Question 79

Shift in leadership during war

Answer 79

Away from stalin to military council dominated by political officers, to general staff which took the lead in planning operations and kept party leadership informed

Question 80

Medals in gpw

Answer 80

Reintroduced 11mill given out 1941-45- 8x more than usa Epaulettes reintroduced too

Question 81

Party membership in war

Answer 81

6 mill in 1945- over half fodf which serve in armed forces, 2/3 joined it in the war

Question 82

Mood of 5y plan

Answer 82

Summarized by pravda argued in 1944 that ‘personal qualities of every party member should be judged by his practical contribution to the war efort’ test good b was conduct in war

Question 83

Intensity during wr

Answer 83

72h weeks norm Many workers taking all meals and sleeping in factories fear bbeing late in morning

Question 84

Gulag labour in war

Answer 84

Produce 15% of all soveit amunition Could be worked until died- 1942 death rate 25% But could be replenished by pow and collaborators with enemy or nationalist

Question 85

Pride during gpw

Answer 85

American writer smith recalls convo with soveit scientist- ‘it was not their country then, but our country’

Question 86

war improvements

Answer 86

Alliance with gb and usa meant that opened up to western influence Western books and goods with lend lease Restauranats and commercial shops apear on moscw

Question 87

Dissolved comintern

Answer 87

1943

Question 88

Stalin bargained for territorial gains

Answer 88

Tehran conference - nov 1943- stalin pushed the british and americans to agree to major territorial gains for the ussr, including eastern poland up to the curzon line- 1919 border and baltic states

Question 89

Why mass deportation in baltic lands and west ukraine

Answer 89

Ethnic cleansing- to make room for mainly russian but also east ukrainian immigrants

Question 90

Salami tactics in hungary

Answer 90

Despite conservatiev smallholders party won clear majority in nov elections, voroshilov stalins pro consul imposed a coalition government with communists controlling interior ministery and the police

Question 91

How did stalin tighten control post war years

Answer 91

Terror Xenophobia Removing opp Propaganda- cult of stalin Censorship

Question 92

Terror- tighten control

Answer 92

Increased counter rev activity Seperate nkvd into domestic and foiregn with beria head- mgb abroad, mvp domestic Increased use gulags- 2.5 mill, 12 mill wartime survivors passed through lab camps 1/5 army came back- rest lab camps- fear been better

Question 93

Removing opp= stalin terror post gpq

Answer 93

Remobe general zkukhov and other high officers- odesa to urals- potentially celebrated war hero Mingrelian case- anti beria All returned pow arrested or interrogate-d open to ideas, paanoia Opp oliltburo- pit against each other, imrpison kalinin and molotov wide as jewish Prueg leningrad party

Question 94

Leningrad affair

Answer 94

Escalated from attacks on vozneghi to major purge of leading officials Executed oct 1950 2000 officials form city dismissed from posts, exiled and replaced pro stalin groups

Question 95

Propaganda- cult of stalin tighten control

Answer 95

Stalin greatest wartime leader 70th birthday celebrations- moscow red square domienated giant painting of stalin Pockmarks removed face to make perfect Stalin prizes replaced nobel prizes fofr art science

Question 96

Xenophobia to increase control post gpw

Answer 96

Antisemitiusm- the doctors plot Mingrelian case Deportatiosn latvian jewish georgians ukraninas volga ger all ukrinain offclas r- superior to ukrianinsa

Question 97

Doctors pot

Answer 97

Blame jewish doctors for killing kharov as part of us zionist polit Israel formed 1948 Remove jewish anti fascist group Report made in 1948 yet not used until 1952 Several thousand jews disappear to gulags Anti jewish press

Question 98

Mingrelian case

Answer 98

Accused party offials in 1951 in georgeia of collaborate western powers Officers mostly mingrelin ethnic gorups georgeia- beria too- aim to limit his power Georgians also wanted indepdnence

Question 99

Censorhip to tighten control post gpw

Answer 99

Holywood banned Function of writers union was educatie on bol rev- 1948 turn on soviet composer not fullyl reflect glovrious victory- eateing out of the hands of the eneemy Destroy intelligensia Chemsists arrested but physicians more safe due to nuclear project Einstein left

Question 100

Why did stalins terror retrun in final 5y

Answer 100

Political contro Character of stalin Strength nkvd Cold war context Fear- tool of control

Question 101

Terror return= political control

Answer 101

Maintain role as vozhd Stalins attempt limit power of his rivals Almsot all politburom members live in fear Played rivals agianst each oher- uutilise a ivide and rule approach- pre war strategy Cut leningrad party in size

Question 102

Terror return- character of stalin

Answer 102

Increasingly unstable, paranoid as aged Failing health- high blood prssure mental deterioration Hysterior exnophobia antisemitism

Question 103

Terror return strength nkvd

Answer 103

Expanded in terror ordganisation Beria sadistic and psychopathic chief

Question 104

Terror retun cold war context

Answer 104

Strength of ussr dependedn on ability to compete with usa Cia created 1947 so expanded mgb Isral regime puupet stae usa lead anti zionist in ussr- doctors plot

Question 105

Fear tool of controol- terror returned

Answer 105

Ultilsed under tsar and lenin- never went away Stalin had lent on fear and intimidation since 1928 Lessened among pop during war

Question 106

Ideological conformity

Answer 106

Cominformity Within soviet zone Enforced by cominform- facilitate direct soveit control on countries in spehere influence

Question 107

4th 5y plan

Answer 107

1946-50 Most investment in heavy industry Industrial output increased 80% 45-50 Oikl coal steel electicity rose By 1950 some factories suprlass pre war levels Discpiline at work Few consumer goods- limited impact living standards, deval rouble 1947 made worse as destroyed svaings Fastest growing econ in owordl

Question 108

Post war agriculture

Answer 108

1952 below 1940 harvest 1946 under 50% pre war levels

Question 109

How much of pop killed gpw

Answer 109

18%

Question 110

Why was morale low in gpw

Answer 110

Follwing purges

Question 111

Before turning point how badly

Answer 111

R lost 6 mill and industrial capcity- by time ger halted At v start 50 mile per day rate of advancement by ger- blitzkrieg

Question 112

How ussr got resources

Answer 112

Artic route Send resource sto soveits

Question 113

Stalin death reaction

Answer 113

Celebration labour camps, terror, purges attecks minorities, power centralised, famine Grief for others- achievements- turned russia into superpower, won gpw, modernised russia to nucelar powerhouse Period afetr war- best as victorious yet percieved threats restart purges, and rebuild country- similar to 1930s