Topic 5- Stalinism, Politics And Control-1929-41

Question 1

Kirov

Answer 1

Old b organised railway strikes in 1905 rev
Played active role in 1917 rev and civil war- mil rev comm
1925 central comm
When z ousted leningrad- party sec
V good party orator- not keen collectivisation, attack bukrarin support need rapid industrialisation
17th party conference- kirov spoke in favor of stopping forceable grain seizures from peaasantry and increasing rations from workers- recievd standing ovation from cobgress
Kirov and stalin both given title of secretary of equal rank
Later murdered

Question 2

Kirov- who killed him

Answer 2

Stalin
Nkvd
Nikolayev

Question 3

Stalin killed kirov

Answer 3

sixsmith
Remove a potent leadership rival within party- oratory skills and popular
Embarassed politburo and 17th party congress- oppose pace industriliase parytu agreed
Relaxation of terro rand concilliation with peasantry decreasing nkvd
Reestablish political cocntrol at the top
Pruge leningrad partuy- leading g leningrad nkvd men accused neglecting not protecting kirob- hard labour guests- but sent in spread railways and recieved special treatment
Spread fear widely

Question 4

Nkvd killed kirov

Answer 4

Lewis and whitehead
Told that stalin wanted kirov removed
Kirov wanted to relax the terror threaten nkvd
Did not want kirov to replace stalin
Did not actually intend for nikolayev to kkill kirov but stop the attack before it happened- justifying their role as govenores of state secuirtyq

Question 5

Nikolayev killed kirov

Answer 5

Thurston
Disgrunteled with poarty expelled 1934 hated party beuracyr
Afffair between his wife and kirov- in diary- ‘personal act of desparation
Disillusionment with kirov leadership in leningrad

Question 6

Show trials political context 1929-36

Answer 6

Kirov murder- widespread fear, threat stalin removal
Enemies of the people everywhere need to be rooted out
Pruge of leningrad party a leningrad centre- plotting terrorist acts against the state which were uncovered
Thousands more outside party accoused being trostkyist invvolved in miurder of kirov
Nkpd increase control via mts
Stalin principle leader (is challenagbel)
Terror 17th party conference charismatic
One party state
5y plan- rapid industrialisation keep yp with west- shakty trial scapegaosts
Collectivisation

Question 7

Trail of 16

Answer 7

Aug 1936
Zk and 14 others complicit with torslky plot to kill stalin and other members of politburo
Yagoda,head of nkvd oversaw interrogation proceedings despite no evidence present
Z plotted to kill stalin- begged for life, stalin recreated and laughted
Vystinsky accused guolty of spying for foriegn powers and counter rev involved kirov murder
Kz executed
Igniited fear- assassination attempt stalin
Convincing
Yagoda increasing power- sucessful

Question 8

Trial of 17

Answer 8

1937
17 accuseed politting with trosky spying and sabtotaging industry
Vipers liars insignif pygmies
Pyatakov pleased guilty and imprisoned
Rest condemn to death
Feb 1937- full meeting central committee- stalin believed many were protecting members from criticism and attacked families
Called for sharpening of class strgglles
Bukharin expelled
Within 3 months stalin had executed 70% central comm

Question 9

Trial of 21

Answer 9

1938
Accused bukahrin yagoda rykov of kirov murder and trying to overturn gov
Bukharin chargded attenpt murder of lenin
Pl,ed guilty, proetct family, wife and cgukdren held hostage
Judge demmed as foul smelling heap of human garbage
Stalin turned on yagoda- scapgoat
Removed right of party fully

Question 10

Yezhovshchina groups involved

Answer 10

Nkvd
Relations of pruged
Minorities
Urban and rural workers
Armed forces
Party members

Question 11

Nkvd in yezovshchina

Answer 11

Responsible for regular police work, prison system hunt politcial enemeies at home and aborad
Yagoda replaced with yezhov- accused not being gactive enough in exposing the conspiracy
Still wanted a more radical head to increase terror- yagoda 1938 former head nkvd shot after trial of 21
Yezhov first 6 months as head nkvd pruged over 3000, 23,000 nkvd purged
When yezhov dismissed 1938 could become scapegoat as purges come to end

Question 12

Relations of purged- yezhovshchina

Answer 12

Stigma of related to purged as unreliable

Question 13

Minoorities yezhovshina

Answer 13

Mass campaign launchhed to uproot and deport minorities
Volga germans 400,000 to siberia and cnetral asia
2 million jewish arrested
Extensive purges poand 1939 after ns pact and revenge rp war failure

Question 14

Urban and rural workers yezhovshchina

Answer 14

Informing culture as children report on parents as counterrev
Denunciate so can personally be promoted
Railwaymen could hold ocuntry to ransom-l lots menshevik
Nkvd order 00447 classes kulaks and sentenced to death by shotting in kjuly 1937

Question 15

Armed forced yezhovshchina

Answer 15

3/5 marshalls removed including tukacevsky- in krinstad sailros
Accoused many of linkes with foriegn countries
Disgruntled collectivised peasannts
Fear political cuop
1/3 officers by 1936 arrested

Question 16

Party members- yezhovshchina

Answer 16

70% central com elected at 17th party conference arrested and shot- supported kirov standing ovation
Politburo and central comm- becomes nomenklatura, sychopahnts, lack accountability
Trostky mrudered in mexico by stalinist agenda- mercador- ice pick to head

Question 17

Responsibility for the great terror

Answer 17

Stalin personality- loa large extent
Nkvd yezhov
For the country/econ and war

Question 18

Responsibility for terror - stalin personality yes

Answer 18

Paranoia- remove 3/5 marshalls inc tukachevsky helped jronstadt, needed germany- comp feared- bullock
Narcissism- seek to increase position in party, remove political opp (show trails, murder of lenin 21, bukharin)

Question 19

Responsibility for the great terror - no- stalinpersonality

Answer 19

For party- centralise- 70% central comm elected 17th conference- supported kkirov
Increase power of the state- informing culture, hcildren report on parents, uphold comm principles, pavlik

Question 20

Responsibility for the great terror - nkvd/yezhov- yees

Answer 20

Yagoda removed - not active enough in exposing conspiracy against stalin
First 6 month purge over 3000 own personal
Personality yezhov
Called yezhovshina- came to end when he went
Nkvd carried out great terror- 00447

Question 21

Responsibility for the great terror - nkvd/yezhov- no

Answer 21

Shift yagoda to yezhov
Increased terror and control pruge of ppapt, by appt made accountabkle to h8im
Yezhov used by stalin as scapegoat of purges- 1939 yezovshina came to an end

Question 22

Responsibility for the great terror - for the country econ and war yeas

Answer 22

Order 00447 classify kulaks to death, class enemies, bklocing collectivisation
Classify antisoviet elements sent to gulags- 40,000 by 1937
Finance industrialisation gulags- dizzy with success fear of faling behind
Purge thos ethreaten country- foreigers- 400,000 volga germans- siberia and central asia, increasing threat germans remilitarise rhineland 1936

Question 23

Responsiblity for the terror- for the country eocn and war- no

Answer 23

Due to paranioa-percieved threat from party and rest, any collectivised disgrunteled peasantry
Created more unified workforce without kulaks- break them not a political threat esp holodomaur ukraine

Question 24

Workers lives improved- urban workers

Answer 24

Industrialisation meant pklentifyl jobs opp
Living stadards imporving 1935 with more consumer goods made
Urban workers coped better with social change than peasnatry with urbans priorised in stalinist system
Workers had regulated hours and wages and access to canteens and shops
Magnitogorsk educatied pop
Stakhanovites- inccreased incentive, rev able to get fresh fruit
1939 contribution technical education
Moscow metro 1938
1930 all children 8-11 must be in schoool- increased 14 to 20 mill. 1925-30
Egalitarianism in wages abolished, increasing inewquality andd ip
1921 oay incentrives introduced byy new head of goslpan klibyshev

Question 25

Rurual workers lives imporves under stalin

Answer 25

Less overpop Mts more tracters 1 acre private land each help to survive Further east less power nkvd Compulsory schools enforced first tme ever

Question 26

Urban workers lives imporved -no

Answer 26

Decreased living space in cities moscow 5.5 to 4 sqm Magnitogorsk still 17.5% living in myd hust Overcrowding as migrate from rural to urban 1937 av real wages 1928 levels 1935 maternity leave and free education reduced or stopped Shakkty trial counter rve attacked Internal passports 1938 and labor books 1940 absenteism crime punishable by death Family laws 1936 Informing culture- pavlik morozon Av food less than 1900 in 1922 Many citties remian without adequadte transport sewage, dependanceo n black market

Question 27

Rural workers lives improved- no

Answer 27

Policies dekulakisation 00447 1932 holodomour led to 4.5mill deaths Ogpu and nkvd in mts League of militant godless Famine 1932-34 poor weather Peasants lack of freedom and culture eroded

Question 28

Impact of ussr on orthodox church under lenin

Answer 28

Decree seperate church and state- declared church could dnot own property,, schools- Priests and clerics declared servants of bourgeois Patriarch tikhen denounced bolshevism 1921 union of militant godlsess organised- at peak 5 mill members, held debated god did not exist, newspaper clergy fat parasite living off peasantry, comm promised new religion Ritual celebrations bolsehvised- octobered children, Used famine 1921-22 demandc church surrender valuables for famine- lenin in secret letter confessed for econ not religious reasons More than 8.000 people executed or killed 1922 anti church Living church movement backed ogpu hailed rev of oct 1917 as christian doctrine Mid 1920s- 55% still active chirtsinas

Question 29

Orthodox church under stalin

Answer 29

1927 patriarch sergius promised that church would give no mroe to comm Religious schools closed down and teaching religious doctrine forbidden Worship retricted to registered congregation on a list Cultrual rev produced another church- comm Stressed link kulaks and cgristians 1929-1940 holy sunday abolished, thus employes 6-7 day week

Question 30

Islamic communities under ussr

Answer 30

Property and weallth siexed By 1941 25,000 mosques closed and converted into schools and other secular pruposes Split between islamic church and new mosque Pilgrimage to mecca banned 1938 Wearing veil forbidden Backlash in some commnities, murder those tried to oimose

Question 31

Jewish communities

Answer 31

Jewish schools and synagogues closed down Enemy

Question 32

Stalin bought about a social rev during 1930s- yes women

Answer 32

More lib family and fractured reversed with implementation of familuy laws 1935 maternity leave banned Zhenstodl removed

Question 33

Stalin social rev 1930s- no women

Answer 33

Recerse trade with family laws, concern breaking up of families Despite reversal of divorce0 hig fees and need both parties still 37% in moscow

Question 34

Stalin social rev religion

Answer 34

1929-40 holy days on sunday abolished workers employed 6-7 days per week Reliigious schools and religious teaching banned Decrease active ortohodox from 60,000 to just under 6,000 1920s to 30s Wearing veil forbidden League of militant godless

Question 35

Stalin social rev- no religion

Answer 35

Continuation of lenin - anning education Split islamic church and rev mosque- militantly against

Question 36

Stalin social rev peasantry yes

Answer 36

Crushed political nationalist ideas holdomour 4.5mill dead locked away grain Dekulakisation 00447 Second class citizens Virtiually no freedom ofm movement

Question 37

Stalin soical rev peasantry no

Answer 37

Always second class citizens Could hold city hostage 118 rebellions

Question 38

Stalin social rrev workers yes

Answer 38

Increased urbanisatin Magnitoc=grosk education Lack privacy and space 5.5 to 4 squm Pay differential 1931

Question 39

Stalin social rev - no workers

Answer 39

Continuation- 1938 internal passm=prot

Question 40

Kollonati

Answer 40

Womens comissar Drafted initial liberalisation of women Pro tu over party Collectivism for family, community in communism rather than family units

Question 41

Divorce ussr

Answer 41

1917 new divroce law Either partner could terminate on grounds incompatibility, postcard divorce, 70% done by men, 7% mutual 1920s divorce rate 25x britain 1930s high fees and both parties presenta at hearings yyet still 37% iinmoscow Adultery crminialised and names published in press Women abandoned when pregnant

Question 42

Employemnt women under ussr

Answer 42

Negative 1917 47% women urban workforce dropped 1921 as 5 mill men retrun Women paid less and undskilled lba nep textiles and domestic service Plus double burden of 5h domestic tasks 1936 family code- outlawed prostitution as capitalist vice 1940- 66% labour light industry women

Question 43

Political participation women ussr

Answer 43

Marxist ideals- male chauvanism, trad views against women 1917-28 women 10-12.8% in parties Membership women in young comm league more Ezhenotdel established 1919 women dpt, abolished 1930

Question 44

Family women lives ussr

Answer 44

1917 legilsation passed allowing for breastfeeding of babeis by mothers at work Demands for nursereis and milik stations- budgeted more than entire nat budget in 1922 1930s mill orphasns nkvd state run organisation Family code 1936 tax exemptions of 6plys childrn Child suport father payments supposed to be 60 5 income but collection diff

Question 45

Abortion women lives ussr

Answer 45

1920 abortion perfomred medical supervision- first country legalise on demand 1936 familyu code abortion illegal and contraception banned- 1930s- 3:1 abortion to lie births

Question 46

Change education and youth- schools and education under lenin- pros

Answer 46

1919 party programme school institution for the comm transforming f society- learned alphabet comm ideals b bolshevik Religious teachings to comm values Forbidden to disciline pupils or set hw Porgessive learning to develop perosnality

Question 47

Cons education under lenin

Answer 47

Vast majoirty of teachers not commm 5.5%s econdary and 3.1% primaru- poor understanding pf progressive measures expected of them Teachers lost authority Financial pressures mant many schools abandoned- 1925 teachers paid 1/4 industrial worker Survey 1927 schoolchildren aged 11-13 showed neg towards comm values as got older nearly 50% believed in god

Question 48

Schooling under stalin

Answer 48

Greater focus on education Unis could select brightest students rather than proletarian- 66% No education reached 20 million from 14 between 1929-31 Experienced teachers lacking due to pruges

Question 49

Challenge of literacy ussr

Answer 49

Dec 1919- liquidation of iliteracy - extra cuorses lessons 8-50 1920-26- 5 mill euroepan went on courses 1939 94% towns and 86% countryside literate

Question 50

Youth organisationss

Answer 50

Cultural rev- league militant godless, Young pioneers- under 15-had to apply - 2 mill mmebers by 1927 Komsomol 14-20 soldiers of production imposed discipline in factories

Question 51

Pavlik morozon

Answer 51

Real or legendry boy who informed on his parents but later kiled- kulaks and grian hoarding Member young pioneers and support collectivism Idealist how children should behave0 informing culture individ duty Fear culture- promoote class warfare

Question 52

Ns pact

Answer 52

23 aug 1939 Molotov-ribentrop pact As welll as non agression pact protocols inc spheres of influence and carve up poland, baltic straits, bessarabia

Question 53

Why nazi soviet pact

Answer 53

Secxuirty Time Imperialism Econ gain Stratedgy

Question 54

Nazi soveit pact security

Answer 54

Soviets wanted secuirty against german aggression during a period of military weakness Ger given free hand to operate iwthout fear of war on two fronts Offical soviet interpretation- to prevent limit war on two fronts, non agression Collective secuirty schoool aimm prevent agression from ger, before tried with west as relations broke down, at same time as relations with germany imrpoving started with trade talks

Question 55

Nazi soveit pact time

Answer 55

Soviets needed time to strengthen its military and cont industrilaisation Remained open to military alliance with west and cont to play both sides off one another Ajp taylor

Question 56

Nazi soveit pact imperialism

Answer 56

Both secuired a free hand in poland ahead of autumn rain Stalin siexed baltic states and recieved assistance of soveit influence in bessarabia

Question 57

Ns pact eecon gain

Answer 57

Ger recieved gold food and raw materials from russia enough to overcome any anglo fr blocade German school reconstitue rapallo relations more econ than anything else

Question 58

Ns pact strategyu

Answer 58

Stalin would benefit from ger fighting long exhaustive war in west

Question 59

What factors helped determine soviet foriegn policy

Answer 59

Leadership and ideology Waar Eon Political situation elesewhere Threat of invasion- secuirty Relatioins with international community Internal situation

Question 60

Leadership and ideaology- foriegn policy

Answer 60

Stalin (one country) lenin permenant rev Used as political weapon stalin and trostky Commisars

Question 61

War- determine soviet foriegn policy

Answer 61

Late 1930s increased threat hitler and musolinei 1920s recovery from war

Question 62

Econ determine soviet foriegn policu

Answer 62

Great depression, ussr not hit as badly Trade needed for machinery Ford factory in russia Rapallo

Question 63

Political situation elesewhere soviet foriegn policu

Answer 63

Alienation in spain and ns Fear socialism in britain Civil nrffre lack of ftrust Lon acknowldge 1934

Question 64

Threat of invasion-determine soviet foriegn polcu

Answer 64

Ns pact buying time Japan post manchiria went out firther Only comm state Hitsoyr of invasion for 800 years Lacked natural boundries

Question 65

International situation- soviet foriegn policu

Answer 65

End of ciil war power shift to suceed lenin, collectivism, econ drive, need to trade allies gain support

Question 66

Why collective secuirty adopted

Answer 66

July 1930 litvinov foriegn commisar who favoured as wanted to prevent war Lon 1934 reaccepted intern conmm Fear gemran agression ds mutual assiatcne pact 1935

Question 67

Why did collective security fail

Answer 67

Lon ineffective - machuria abysinia rhindland anschluss Hoare leval pact- br and fr exposed as self interested and appeared imperialist and selfish- undermine internat collective security Absense usa lon weakened sanction susten- much diplomacy conducted outside of league often involving america, undermined its influence and pwoer Spanish civil war demonstrated br and fr would not intervene to suport republican or even deny w estern nation Fascist nations contibute directly- german consular legue and italian bomber- franco Soviets betrayed by west Conflict confirmed berlin rome axis s 1936 and anti comintern pact 1936 japn joined 1937 Munich agreementsudetenland to germany, without soviets or xechs- suprise of west, no reliable allies, fs pact dead

Question 68

Spanish civil war

Answer 68

1936-9 Military revolt against republican gov of spain following king leaving country in 1931 Nationalists catholics landowners welathy supported mussolinin(troops) and condor legue hitler- lufwafes to destroy guernica Republicans indsutrial workers educated middle class peasantry supported by soviets- who gave aid Franco won with a nationalist gov for next 40 years 500,000 deaths Chamberlian saw italy and german strnegyth and so confirmed poucy of appeasement Soviet control of gold

Question 69

Should stalin intervene in spanish civil war- yes

Answer 69

Ideology- battele ground left and right, look weak if didnt Remove opp- trostkyists in catalan, nkvd iwtyh advisors Econ gold Test pre war- how strong collective secuirty, military test how strng opponents, br and fr not intevren Support popluar fornts- comintern spanish Soveit sexuirtuyy- minimise fascism

Question 70

Should stalin have intervened spanish civil war- no

Answer 70

Cost- rearming waste of resources Divide- within europe lost allies from and br Socialism in one country- should have stuck to Domestic issues- ussr still recovering from purges Could escalate- fascist powers of ger and italy

Question 71

Winter war

Answer 71

1939-40 stalin concerned about proximity and vulnerability pf leningrad border iwth finaldn 18 miles away, asked if could be pushed back 25 miles more and gain gulf of finland and lease port of hanko as russia n naval base- refused Soviets storm boarder expecting an easy win

Question 72

Why struggled in winter war

Answer 72

Local knoweldge- finns expert winter fighters and know land, oeprate behind enemy lines, terrain used to reduce impact of russia superior technology Georgahphu- dense woodland perfect for ambush and guerilla warfare- frozen lakes and deep snow favourable as did limited road network Command and organisation red army orfficer coprs pirged less experienced, with suciciee attempts also damaging mroale Fighing capability0 red army relied upon poorly trained conscripts who died, finnish battel mobility red army static, finns defended honor

Question 73

Deaths wnter war

Answer 73

200,000 red army vs 25,000 finns

Question 74

Wins in winter war

Answer 74

Timoshenko rather than voroshilov as commander defence egfective organiser and determined to make red army professional 1940 lithuania latvia estonia conceded Bessarabia and northern bukarna too

Question 75

Chicherin

Answer 75

1918-30 Ex men Aristocrat Not member politcburo favoured clsoe relations with ger and heled rapallo Anti britain

Question 76

Litvinov

Answer 76

Not politburo Favoured disarmament- kellogs pact and joined long Pro britain and suspicioous of ger Favoured collective secuirty against fascism

Question 77

Molotov

Answer 77

1939-49 Bol from young age Member politburo 1925 Leader comintern 1929 Stalin deputy- had influence One of toughest negotiators

Question 78

Phase 1 foreign poluc

Answer 78

Extract russia from war oct 1917-mar 1918 Treaty bl Damage west relations as left ww1 early Lenin oct rev

Question 79

Phase 2 foriegn relations

Answer 79

Civil war 1919-20 Tov gave indepndence to areas siexed in bl 1919 comintern established perment rev Ie red rev ger, luexberg spartacits

Question 80

Phase 3 foriegn relations

Answer 80

Rp war 1921 Conflict socialism in one country or peermant rev Mutual agression pact 1922 treaty of rapallo gaining allies Excluded lon Zinoviev letter fear socilaism push british away Stalin support nationalism rather perment rev at 15th party conference Treaty of berlin 1926 confirmed rapalo

Question 81

Phase 5-foriegn policy

Answer 81

collective security 1932-39 War scare japan 1928 manchuria 1931 border with ussrr Wall st crash, depression If not comm- social fascist- not support spd in germany Former russian colonies replaced with pro moscow leaders Rise in econ and military collaboration between ussr and ger 1928

Question 82

Phase 5 foriegn policu

Answer 82

Collective secuirty 1932-39 1932- non agression agreement poland and fr -34 disarmamnet conference, no one want to be first, ger walked out 1933- litvinov to washington and agreement formal recognition by roosewvelt of ussr, us embassy in moscow 1934- trade agreement with germnay, Politburo agree join lon -35 left turn comunism now supprt popular fronts ie fr socialist and communist partyt work together agianst fasicism 1935- pact fr and czech (not popular conmintern czech tov and fr capitalist- mutual assiatcne pact Hisler cnoscription and mussioni into abysina 1936- remilitarise rhineland Spanish civil war Berlin rome axis Anti comintern pact with jpn join 1937 1938 munich conference betrayal 1938-9- jpn furthered expansion from manchura into nakino

Question 83

Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 83

Loa no- evolved reacting to prooty of security Collectie security Relations with ger Aim avoid war

Question 84

Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39- collective secuirty- no

Answer 84

Seek out western alies litvinov (appt stalin) - internatioalist usa- 1933 open us embassy in moscow Restrian japanese expanionist trhogh relationship- manchria on border

Question 85

Collective secuirty - y- Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 85

Change foreign policy from chicerin to litvinov Critic anti british an dpro ger- contradict litvinonv opp But anti british due to birtish hostility- zinoviev and campbell case

Question 86

Relations with ger - no- Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 86

Promote prioity ussr what need at time Spansih civil war - trotskysist sin catalan 1939 ns pact grow soveit sphere influence- gain half poland Arguably rapallo and continuation benefit econ sell grain for industrialise

Question 87

Relatiosn with ger y - Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 87

Changed- Supportive with rapallo and maintaining Arguably betray by joining lon in 1934 Spanish civil war- opp- stalin republicans and ger nationalists Ns pact change back again

Question 88

Aim avoid war- no - Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 88

Spanish civil war-- helped strength prove strnegth and not willing sit aside, leess vuenrable Ns pact- bide time- ajp taylor - escsped an unequal war in present Fearful esp treatyu of berlin 1936 gave sudenand

Question 89

Aim avoid war- no Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 89

Spanish civil war- war mongering- escalate

Question 90

Trigger great terror

Answer 90

Stalin wanted to impose death penalty for riutin an dhis followers but blocked by moderates in politburo led by kriov

Question 91

Beauracracy in stalin

Answer 91

T wrote in the revolution betrayed That stalisn powrer rested on a vast ‘administrative pyramid’ of bureaucrats which he numbered at 5-6 mill ofifcals This ruling caste a new bourgeoise

Question 92

Persecution unexpeted

Answer 92

Antonov-ovseenko Accused belonging to trostkyist organization of torrorists and psies Close to t in 1920s yet proved loyalty when hunted out troskysts in catalonia Believed in great purge In oct rev

Question 93

In total great pruges

Answer 93

1.5 mill arrested by secret police,, 1.3 mill sentenced and more hald of these 680,000 executed by firing squad for rcounter rev activities

Question 94

Persecution of poles

Answer 94

Directive 00485 140,000 poles arrested, 111,000 executed rest sent to gulag Stalin saw soviet poles as a fifith column of the fascists polish state, he fered would unite with nazi germany to attack ussr

Question 95

Heaviluy policed moscow

Answer 95

At least one inforer every 6 families in moscow According to former nkvd official

Question 96

Alternative view on impact of great terror

Answer 96

Empowering for the masses As could denounce highers

Question 97

Stigma of those related to arrested

Answer 97

May lose homes, lose jobs When both parents arrested eni=couragedtro sent to orphanage creeate new identity and sometimes new name Milians of orphans in thse homes 1930s and 40s- indoctrination - strong collective and weak family ties Main recruiting grounds for nkvd and red army

Question 98

Slowing down of great pruges

Answer 98

1938 stalin said to nkvd to check denunciations before acting on them

Question 99

Replacement to yezhov

Answer 99

Beria Relooked at cases leading to 450,000 convictions quashed, 30,000 released jail and 327,000 people let out of ggulags

Question 100

2nd congress comintern what was enforced

Answer 100

1920 All members comintern had to agree 21 conditions Break of relations with socialists in nations and accept decisions of its russian dominated exec comm

Question 101

Links with tu abroad

Answer 101

Profintern Used to sned money in 1926 general strike - worsen as relations and the war scare of 1927 stalin used to justify his crash programme of indusrtailiasation

Question 102

Switch in comintern to united fronts

Answer 102

Comm party to unite with socialists A shift from before Sucessfyk seen witrh bilateral pact mutaul assistance w franc e1935 French comm end op to gov of laval and support military. Budget- including one to extend compulsory military service -2y- policy comm bitterly opposed Stlind thinking strengthen france against ger in wartime

Question 103

Increasing western sympathisers

Answer 103

In 1930s 1935- moscow financed international writers congress for the defence of culture in paris Western leftt wing and anti fadcist writers such as em forter and aldous huxley Saw progress in soviet union and impressed by fake soviet constition of 1936 which promised social rights and religious and political freedoms unkwon by soviet people in reality

Question 104

Why tukhachesky arrested

Answer 104

Accused being ger spy 1937

Question 105

Conspiracy around t

Answer 105

Agent of gestapo of british intelligence service since 1926

Question 106

Stalin in greatterror

Answer 106

‘The chief terrorist’ ‘survived unscathed’ No reason why he got rid of yezov ‘for any reason but machiavelian prudence- petrov and jansen