To Go Over- Part 2

Question 1

Was nep working by 1927 no peasants

Answer 1

Graini production still hold country hostage
Wooden ploughs- backwards- 5 mill still in use by 1927 failure to modernise
Land holdings smaller than before 1911- large estates suplying cities had disappeared
Relationship between peasants and city deterioriated since civil war0 see worse tambov 118 feb
Peasants not producting q needed for industrial exapnsion- 1913 exported 12 mill tonees, best year nep never morethan 3 mill tonnes
Debastating inpact foriegn trade 1926-27 exports 33% 1913
Poor harvest 1927 starvating in cities
Had to sell grain cheaply to gov- have to sell more to make up costs- but no consumer goods so litle point

Question 2

Nep working for workers y

Answer 2

Better off than before rev- wages had 2.6x 1920-26
8hr working fay
Workers had a role in state within factories with local tu member running factories alongside specialist directions

Question 3

Nep not working for workers by 1927

Answer 3

Real wage only just passed 1913 levels by 1928
High unemp throughout nep
Gap between workers and higehr society evident and complained about bitterly
High food prices increased scarcity
Paid less than specialits or officers
Women suffered forecd out of jobs when red army mobalised large no unemployed and unsupported on streets
Housing problem overcrowding - smolensk 1929 6-7 live in one room
Crime increased in cities

Question 4

Famine 1932-34

Answer 4

Poor weather and increased demand urban pop 28 to 40 mill 1930-32
Grain less left peasantry 60 to 40 mil tonne 1928-31
Estimated 4.5mill died holodomour

Question 5

Foriegn support 5y plans

Answer 5

Large no companies sent specialists engineers and skilled workers to enact new factories and exploit new resources- ford automodtive industry
Colonel hugh- heloed byuld dam
A kucksiger asbestos industry in remote place in urals called aspbestos

Question 6

Aims first 5y plans

Answer 6

1928-32
Heavy indsurty- coal iron steel oil machinery
Boost electricity x6
Light industry chemicals

Question 7

2nd 5y plan aim

Answer 7

1933-37
Rail road water networks transport
Consumer goods to a degree
Consolidation

Question 8

2nd 5y plan sucess

Answer 8

Became virtually self sufficient in machinery making and metal works
Transport links increased
Chemical indsutry increase
Increased focus consumer goods- food processes, good workers
Moscow metro opened
Coal amd electricity x2

Question 9

Dates 1st 5y plan

Answer 9

1928-32

Question 10

2nd 5y [plan

Answer 10

1933-37

Question 11

3rd 5y plan

Answer 11

1937-41

Question 12

Sucess 3rd

Answer 12

Increased leisure 1939- 30,000 xitizens ussr sports facilities public gardens
Increased schools almost 200,000 across ussr by 1940
Increased copper output 60%

Question 13

Setbacks 3rd

Answer 13

Econ slowdown
Lack of planning- skill and lost great purges
Decreased maternity leave and free education
Fuel crisis

Question 14

3rd policies used

Answer 14

Internal passports 1938 and labour books
1940 absenteeism became a crime
Stakhovites

Question 15

Forced labour

Answer 15

300,000 prisoner worked on belamor baltic white sea- many kulaks arrested in ocllectivisation
After 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3y sent to labour camps
Gov decreed ghese camps should 3be self supporting
Labour camps set up in forests of frozen north and timbers production was exportied to help econ - money for industrial investment
Forced lab increased great purges mid 1934
Cheap lab

Question 16

Stakhanovites

Answer 16

Worker who produced x16 normal output of coal- got masive bonus of almost x7 mormal
Pravda coined term stakhanovite movement
Nov0stalin called for stakhonovism to spread ‘widely and deeply’ across ussr
New movement as way of convincing management to adopt new production methods, icnreased rates production

Question 17

Magnitogrosk

Answer 17

Great steel plant 150,000 people live
Built 1929-34
Schools for evryone
Although mid 1930s still had 17.5% living in mud huts

Question 18

Approach arts and culture lenin

Answer 18

Lunacharsky moveaway higha rts and towards popular culture
Established commisar of pop entertainment

Question 19

Stalin lit

Answer 19

Tool propaganda- pravda and trostly
All writers member of russian association of proletarian writers controlled stalin support- zhadanov
Siome optimism- ostrovsky- hohw the steel was tempered

Question 20

Stalin film

Answer 20

Einstein fell out of favour 1928 returned before conflict w alexander nevsky 1938 commsioned by stalin ahimself
Socialist realism- simple story and plot
Holywood pop and allowed if idndt clash socilaist ideals

Question 21

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered stalin econ policies 30s econ personal finance yes

Answer 21

1937 av real wages 3/5 1928 levels
1932 poor harvest ukraine desipte quotas decrease 14%
1933 av married moscow worker consume less than half bread did in 1900s
High turnover labour- coal industry 1930 x3/yr

Question 22

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ personal finance- no

Answer 22

Egalitarianism in wages abandoned- increasing incentive opportunities
Around 13,500 new bread shipes opened 1934
Rations ended 1935
1931 klibyshev pay incentives new leader gosplan, piece payments paid to be more productive
Manager allowed pay bonuses

Question 23

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive- yes

Answer 23

Allocated housing space in moscow 5.5 to 4sqm per person
1938 labour dooks and internal passports introduced
1935 maternity and free education fall

Question 24

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive no

Answer 24

Moscow metro opened 1938
30,000 cinemas opened ussr
Opened sports facilities, public goods, parks of culture
1930- qll chilidren 8-11 must be in school increased no pupils 14 to 20 mill 1928-30

Question 25

Cult of personality develop 1924-29

Answer 25

Lenin died, leadership race Leadership was using party as anynoymous colective body making joint decisioin- yet few party leaders appear After lenin death stalin increase media image , wanted to appear as had working man or moderation After his efforts in civil war and tsaritskin renamed stalingrad in 1920s Stalin is true lenin of todya- disciple At meeting central comm, congress recieved larger and longer applauds

Question 26

Cult stalin 1929-33

Answer 26

1931 huge push marx engles lenin and stalin appear on speches ie oct rev and celebrations Priase heaped on stalin on his work with lenin and 1st year plan Needed strong leader with disruptive econ polcu Nursery walls with thank you stalkin for my happy childhood

Question 27

Cult peronslaity 1933-39

Answer 27

Ns pact 3rd and 4th 1935 onwards only speak stalin in glooowing terms- almost propehtic History of all union comm party stalin more present in oct rev- devoted to bolshevism- textbook that widely used 2 mill copied yb 1940 Statue of stalin at great soviet exhibition 1934 Portraits him as child teaching almost chrits like figure natural born leader

Question 28

Height of cult personality post 1945

Answer 28

Won ww2 and defeat anazis enhanced his power Celebrate 70th brithday Picture him god like figure with lenin - sometimes appearing to tell lenin what to do Omnipresent image of stalin reminded the society he everywhere- he udnerstands your hopes and has your best interests at heart Prokofief 1939 song for 60th birthday ‘the name of stalin will protect us from harm

Question 29

How sucessful were comm in modernising russian agriculture 1928-41

Answer 29

Collective farms Machinery and tech Grain requiisition De kulak

Question 30

Modernise r collective farms

Answer 30

Aim create rural proletariat Sucesssful wihtt comm- more efficinet to requisist 1939 stalin said fully collectivised 1937- called for ocllectvvised Durranty ny times pontemkin villlages Sustain with 1 acre land But hated so killed animals in protest

Question 31

Machinery and tech- comm modernise agriculture

Answer 31

Mts 2500 stations- not enough By 1932 144 tractors/day produced Aimed proletarinaise peasants- ogpu and nkvd in mts Crop rotation on 20% land in 1930s 1939 threshing mechanised 75%

Question 32

Grain requisition comm modernise agriculture

Answer 32

Used exports- reducung amount left to peasanrts 60 mill tonnes to 40 Grain requsiition more than needd- political- famine 1932- 5 mill, 4.5 mill holodmour 1941 reach 19133 levels Urals siberian methods with kolkoz effective but labour intensive and unsustainable

Question 33

Dekulakisation comm modernise

Answer 33

Pavlik morozov aspiration 10 mill in lab camps or siberia by 1941 Nkvd order 00447 term vague

Question 34

Nkvd order 00447 date

Answer 34

July 1937

Question 35

Failur eof gigantomania

Answer 35

Gulag project white sea canal- belomorkanal- employed 100,000 prisoners by 1932 But to save time and money depth of canal reduced from 22ft to just 12 Render useless for all bst shallow barges and passenger vesselss Prisoners basic hand tools instead of dynamite and machinery 25,000 prisoners died during first winter 1931-32 alone

Question 36

Stalin killed kirov

Answer 36

sixsmith Remove a potent leadership rival within party- oratory skills and popular Embarassed politburo and 17th party congress- oppose pace industriliase parytu agreed Relaxation of terro rand concilliation with peasantry decreasing nkvd Reestablish political cocntrol at the top Pruge leningrad partuy- leading g leningrad nkvd men accused neglecting not protecting kirob- hard labour guests- but sent in spread railways and recieved special treatment Spread fear widely

Question 37

Nkvd killed kirov

Answer 37

Lewis and whitehead Told that stalin wanted kirov removed Kirov wanted to relax the terror threaten nkvd Did not want kirov to replace stalin Did not actually intend for nikolayev to kkill kirov but stop the attack before it happened- justifying their role as govenores of state secuirtyq

Question 38

Nikolayev killed kirov

Answer 38

Thurston Disgrunteled with poarty expelled 1934 hated party beuracyr Afffair between his wife and kirov- in diary- ‘personal act of desparation Disillusionment with kirov leadership in leningrad

Question 39

Trail of 16

Answer 39

Aug 1936 Zk and 14 others complicit with torslky plot to kill stalin and other members of politburo Yagoda,head of nkvd oversaw interrogation proceedings despite no evidence present Z plotted to kill stalin- begged for life, stalin recreated and laughted Vystinsky accused guolty of spying for foriegn powers and counter rev involved kirov murder Kz executed Igniited fear- assassination attempt stalin Convincing Yagoda increasing power- sucessful

Question 40

Trail of 21

Answer 40

1938 Accused bukahrin yagoda rykov of kirov murder and trying to overturn gov Bukharin chargded attenpt murder of lenin Pl,ed guilty, proetct family, wife and cgukdren held hostage Judge demmed as foul smelling heap of human garbage Stalin turned on yagoda- scapgoat Removed right of party fully

Question 41

Responsibility for the great terror

Answer 41

Stalin personality- loa large extent Nkvd yezhov For the country/econ and war

Question 42

Responsiblity great terror for country econ and war y

Answer 42

Order 00447 classify kulaks to death, class enemies, bklocing collectivisation Classify antisoviet elements sent to gulags- 40,000 by 1937 Finance industrialisation gulags- dizzy with success fear of faling behind Purge thos ethreaten country- foreigers- 400,000 volga germans- siberia and central asia, increasing threat germans remilitarise rhineland 1936

Question 43

Responsibility for the terror- for the couhtry econ and war no

Answer 43

Due to paranioa-percieved threat from party and rest, any collectivised disgrunteled peasantry Created more unified workforce without kulaks- break them not a political threat esp holodomaur ukraine

Question 44

Workers lives imporved urban workers

Answer 44

Industrialisation meant pklentifyl jobs opp Living stadards imporving 1935 with more consumer goods made Urban workers coped better with social change than peasnatry with urbans priorised in stalinist system Workers had regulated hours and wages and access to canteens and shops Magnitogorsk educatied pop Stakhanovites- inccreased incentive, rev able to get fresh fruit 1939 contribution technical education Moscow metro 1938 1930 all children 8-11 must be in schoool- increased 14 to 20 mill. 1925-30 Egalitarianism in wages abolished, increasing inewquality andd ip 1921 oay incentrives introduced byy new head of goslpan klibyshev

Question 45

Urban workers lives imporved no

Answer 45

Decreased living space in cities moscow 5.5 to 4 sqm Magnitogorsk still 17.5% living in myd hust Overcrowding as migrate from rural to urban 1937 av real wages 1928 levels 1935 maternity leave and free education reduced or stopped Shakkty trial counter rve attacked Internal passports 1938 and labor books 1940 absenteism crime punishable by death Family laws 1936u Informing culture- pavlik morozon Av food less than 1900 in 1922 Many citties remian without adequadte transport sewage, dependanceo n black market

Question 46

Impact of ussr on orthodox chruch unde rlenin

Answer 46

Decree seperate church and state- declared church could dnot own property,, schools- Priests and clerics declared servants of bourgeois Patriarch tikhen denounced bolshevism 1921 union of militant godlsess organised- at peak 5 mill members, held debated god did not exist, newspaper clergy fat parasite living off peasantry, comm promised new religion Ritual celebrations bolsehvised- octobered children, Used famine 1921-22 demandc church surrender valuables for famine- lenin in secret letter confessed for econ not religious reasons More than 8.000 people executed or killed 1922 anti church Living church movement backed ogpu hailed rev of oct 1917 as christian doctrine Mid 1920s- 55% still active chirtsinas

Question 47

Islamic comm under ussr

Answer 47

Property and weallth siexed By 1941 25,000 mosques closed and converted into schools and other secular pruposes Split between islamic church and new mosque Pilgrimage to mecca banned 1938 Wearing veil forbidden Backlash in some commnities, murder those tried to oimose

Question 48

Stalin social rev religion

Answer 48

1929-40 holy days on sunday abolished workers employed 6-7 days per week Reliigious schools and religious teaching banned Decrease active ortohodox from 60,000 to just under 6,000 1920s to 30s Wearing veil forbidden League of militant godless

Question 49

Employment women under ussr

Answer 49

Negative 1917 47% women urban workforce dropped 1921 as 5 mill men retrun Women paid less and undskilled lba nep textiles and domestic service Plus double burden of 5h domestic tasks 1936 family code- outlawed prostitution as capitalist vice 1940- 66% labour light industry women

Question 50

Divorce ussr

Answer 50

1917 new divroce law Either partner could terminate on grounds incompatibility, postcard divorce, 70% done by men, 7% mutual 1920s divorce rate 25x britain 1930s high fees and both parties presenta at hearings yyet still 37% iinmoscow Adultery crminialised and names published in press Women abandoned when pregnant

Question 51

Family women lives ussr

Answer 51

1917 legilsation passed allowing for breastfeeding of babeis by mothers at work Demands for nursereis and milik stations- budgeted more than entire nat budget in 1922 1930s mill orphasns nkvd state run organisation Family code 1936 tax exemptions of 6plys childrn Child suport father payments supposed to be 60 5 income but collection diff

Question 52

Change eductaion and youtgh schoools lenin pro

Answer 52

1919 party programme school institution for the comm transforming f society- learned alphabet comm ideals b bolshevik Religious teachings to comm values Forbidden to disciline pupils or set hw Porgessive learning to develop perosnality

Question 53

Schooling lenin con

Answer 53

Vast majoirty of teachers not commm 5.5%s econdary and 3.1% primaru- poor understanding pf progressive measures expected of them Teachers lost authority Financial pressures mant many schools abandoned- 1925 teachers paid 1/4 industrial worker Survey 1927 schoolchildren aged 11-13 showed neg towards comm values as got older nearly 50% believed in god

Question 54

Schoooling stalin

Answer 54

Greater focus on education Unis could select brightest students rather than proletarian- 66% No education reached 20 million from 14 between 1929-31 Experienced teachers lacking due to pruges

Question 55

Challenge literacy ussr

Answer 55

Dec 1919- liquidation of iliteracy - extra cuorses lessons 8-50 1920-26- 5 mill euroepan went on courses 1939 94% towns and 86% countryside literate

Question 56

Youth organisations

Answer 56

Cultural rev- league militant godless, Young pioneers- under 15-had to apply - 2 mill mmebers by 1927 Komsomol 14-20 soldiers of production imposed discipline in factories

Question 57

Why collective security adopted

Answer 57

July 1930 litvinov foriegn commisar who favoured as wanted to prevent war Lon 1934 reaccepted intern conmm Fear gemran agression ds mutual assiatcne pact 1935

Question 58

Why did collective security fail

Answer 58

Lon ineffective - machuria abysinia rhindland anschluss Hoare leval pact- br and fr exposed as self interested and appeared imperialist and selfish- undermine internat collective security Absense usa lon weakened sanction susten- much diplomacy conducted outside of league often involving america, undermined its influence and pwoer Spanish civil war demonstrated br and fr would not intervene to suport republican or even deny w estern nation Fascist nations contibute directly- german consular legue and italian bomber- franco Soviets betrayed by west Conflict confirmed berlin rome axis s 1936 and anti comintern pact 1936 japn joined 1937 Munich agreementsudetenland to germany, without soviets or xechs- suprise of west, no reliable allies, fs pact dead

Question 59

Spanish civil war

Answer 59

1936-9 Military revolt against republican gov of spain following king leaving country in 1931 Nationalists catholics landowners welathy supported mussolinin(troops) and condor legue hitler- lufwafes to destroy guernica Republicans indsutrial workers educated middle class peasantry supported by soviets- who gave aid Franco won with a nationalist gov for next 40 years 500,000 deaths Chamberlian saw italy and german strnegyth and so confirmed poucy of appeasement Soviet control of gold

Question 60

Winter war

Answer 60

1939-40 stalin concerned about proximity and vulnerability pf leningrad border iwth finaldn 18 miles away, asked if could be pushed back 25 miles more and gain gulf of finland and lease port of hanko as russia n naval base- refused Soviets storm boarder expecting an easy win

Question 61

Deaths winter war

Answer 61

200,000 ra vs 25,000 fins

Question 62

Phase 1 fp

Answer 62

Extract russia from war oct 1917-mar 1918 Treaty bl Damage west relations as left ww1 early Lenin oct rev

Question 63

Phase 2 fp

Answer 63

Civil war 1919-20 Tov gave indepndence to areas siexed in bl 1919 comintern established perment rev Ie red rev ger, luexberg spartacits

Question 64

Phase 3 fp

Answer 64

Rp war 1921 Conflict socialism in one country or peermant rev Mutual agression pact 1922 treaty of rapallo gaining allies Excluded lon Zinoviev letter fear socilaism push british away Stalin support nationalism rather perment rev at 15th party conference Treaty of berlin 1926 confirmed rapalo

Question 65

Phase 5 fp

Answer 65

Collective secuirty 1932-39 1932- non agression agreement poland and fr -34 disarmamnet conference, no one want to be first, ger walked out 1933- litvinov to washington and agreement formal recognition by roosewvelt of ussr, us embassy in moscow 1934- trade agreement with germnay, Politburo agree join lon -35 left turn comunism now supprt popular fronts ie fr socialist and communist partyt work together agianst fasicism 1935- pact fr and czech (not popular conmintern czech tov and fr capitalist- mutual assiatcne pact Hisler cnoscription and mussioni into abysina 1936- remilitarise rhineland Spanish civil war Berlin rome axis Anti comintern pact with jpn join 1937 1938 munich conference betrayal 1938-9- jpn furthered expansion from manchura into nakino

Question 66

Stalin fp inconsistent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 66

Loa no- evolved reacting to prooty of security Collectie security Relations with ger Aim avoid war

Question 67

Collective secuirty- stalin fp not inconsistent and conrtadictory

Answer 67

Seek out western alies litvinov (appt stalin) - internatioalist usa- 1933 open us embassy in moscow Restrian japanese expanionist trhogh relationship- manchria on border

Question 68

Collective secuirty - y- Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 68

Change foreign policy from chicerin to litvinov Critic anti british an dpro ger- contradict litvinonv opp But anti british due to birtish hostility- zinoviev and campbell case

Question 69

Relations with ger - no- Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 69

Promote prioity ussr what need at time Spansih civil war - trotskysist sin catalan 1939 ns pact grow soveit sphere influence- gain half poland Arguably rapallo and continuation benefit econ sell grain for industrialise

Question 70

Relatiosn with ger y - Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 70

Changed- Supportive with rapallo and maintaining Arguably betray by joining lon in 1934 Spanish civil war- opp- stalin republicans and ger nationalists Ns pact change back again

Question 71

Aim avoid war- no - Stalins foriegn policy was inconsitsent and contradictory 1924-39

Answer 71

Spanish civil war-- helped strength prove strnegth and not willing sit aside, leess vuenrable Ns pact- bide time- ajp taylor - escsped an unequal war in present Fearful esp treatyu of berlin 1936 gave sudenand

Question 72

Legacy on ussr stalin

Answer 72

Society Industry Agri Regime/leadership Imperialsim Secuirty Soveit prestige

Question 73

Society case for stalin

Answer 73

Reverse divorce laws may help to reduce family breakdown Embrace russian idenyity later- reinstate holy day 1930 Russification uietd society Literacy rates increased eg magnitogrowk- by 1957- 75% kluterate 8-11yo 14-20 mill in school God like dugrue to coonise russia

Question 74

Industry case against stalin

Answer 74

Achieved through gulags and 2 mill pow ww2 5y plan- targetmania, lack quality, consumer markets Usa wins in cold war on desirability to lie in

Question 75

Imperialism case for stalin

Answer 75

Expanded with comecon, cominform Ee- iron curtain Nk china With ideaoogy

Question 76

Imperialism case against stalin

Answer 76

Tito yugoslavia China diff ideology Nk no further than that

Question 77

Security case against stalin

Answer 77

Us and others had atomic bomb Seato and sento and nato- alienate other side buffer Airlifet faild West mark

Question 78

Soviet prestige case for stalin

Answer 78

Atomic bomb 1949 superpower Indusrtail t 34 tanks Good porpaganda Stalelite stets propped up Compete usa Necessary evil to commnicat- need dialogue Chinal alliance Korea war Mao look up to

Question 79

Soviet prestige case against stalin

Answer 79

Tarnished with comm and brutality dicttaorship Never match up usa- has nato to beat satleite state Sberlin blockade sign wekaness China not embrace stalinism