To Go Over- Part 2 Flashcards
Was nep working by 1927 no peasants
Graini production still hold country hostage
Wooden ploughs- backwards- 5 mill still in use by 1927 failure to modernise
Land holdings smaller than before 1911- large estates suplying cities had disappeared
Relationship between peasants and city deterioriated since civil war0 see worse tambov 118 feb
Peasants not producting q needed for industrial exapnsion- 1913 exported 12 mill tonees, best year nep never morethan 3 mill tonnes
Debastating inpact foriegn trade 1926-27 exports 33% 1913
Poor harvest 1927 starvating in cities
Had to sell grain cheaply to gov- have to sell more to make up costs- but no consumer goods so litle point
Nep working for workers y
Better off than before rev- wages had 2.6x 1920-26
8hr working fay
Workers had a role in state within factories with local tu member running factories alongside specialist directions
Nep not working for workers by 1927
Real wage only just passed 1913 levels by 1928
High unemp throughout nep
Gap between workers and higehr society evident and complained about bitterly
High food prices increased scarcity
Paid less than specialits or officers
Women suffered forecd out of jobs when red army mobalised large no unemployed and unsupported on streets
Housing problem overcrowding - smolensk 1929 6-7 live in one room
Crime increased in cities
Famine 1932-34
Poor weather and increased demand urban pop 28 to 40 mill 1930-32
Grain less left peasantry 60 to 40 mil tonne 1928-31
Estimated 4.5mill died holodomour
Foriegn support 5y plans
Large no companies sent specialists engineers and skilled workers to enact new factories and exploit new resources- ford automodtive industry
Colonel hugh- heloed byuld dam
A kucksiger asbestos industry in remote place in urals called aspbestos
Aims first 5y plans
1928-32
Heavy indsurty- coal iron steel oil machinery
Boost electricity x6
Light industry chemicals
2nd 5y plan aim
1933-37
Rail road water networks transport
Consumer goods to a degree
Consolidation
2nd 5y plan sucess
Became virtually self sufficient in machinery making and metal works
Transport links increased
Chemical indsutry increase
Increased focus consumer goods- food processes, good workers
Moscow metro opened
Coal amd electricity x2
Dates 1st 5y plan
1928-32
2nd 5y [plan
1933-37
3rd 5y plan
1937-41
Sucess 3rd
Increased leisure 1939- 30,000 xitizens ussr sports facilities public gardens
Increased schools almost 200,000 across ussr by 1940
Increased copper output 60%
Setbacks 3rd
Econ slowdown
Lack of planning- skill and lost great purges
Decreased maternity leave and free education
Fuel crisis
3rd policies used
Internal passports 1938 and labour books
1940 absenteeism became a crime
Stakhovites
Forced labour
300,000 prisoner worked on belamor baltic white sea- many kulaks arrested in ocllectivisation
After 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3y sent to labour camps
Gov decreed ghese camps should 3be self supporting
Labour camps set up in forests of frozen north and timbers production was exportied to help econ - money for industrial investment
Forced lab increased great purges mid 1934
Cheap lab
Stakhanovites
Worker who produced x16 normal output of coal- got masive bonus of almost x7 mormal
Pravda coined term stakhanovite movement
Nov0stalin called for stakhonovism to spread ‘widely and deeply’ across ussr
New movement as way of convincing management to adopt new production methods, icnreased rates production
Magnitogrosk
Great steel plant 150,000 people live
Built 1929-34
Schools for evryone
Although mid 1930s still had 17.5% living in mud huts
Approach arts and culture lenin
Lunacharsky moveaway higha rts and towards popular culture
Established commisar of pop entertainment
Stalin lit
Tool propaganda- pravda and trostly
All writers member of russian association of proletarian writers controlled stalin support- zhadanov
Siome optimism- ostrovsky- hohw the steel was tempered
Stalin film
Einstein fell out of favour 1928 returned before conflict w alexander nevsky 1938 commsioned by stalin ahimself
Socialist realism- simple story and plot
Holywood pop and allowed if idndt clash socilaist ideals
Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered stalin econ policies 30s econ personal finance yes
1937 av real wages 3/5 1928 levels
1932 poor harvest ukraine desipte quotas decrease 14%
1933 av married moscow worker consume less than half bread did in 1900s
High turnover labour- coal industry 1930 x3/yr
Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ personal finance- no
Egalitarianism in wages abandoned- increasing incentive opportunities
Around 13,500 new bread shipes opened 1934
Rations ended 1935
1931 klibyshev pay incentives new leader gosplan, piece payments paid to be more productive
Manager allowed pay bonuses
Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive- yes
Allocated housing space in moscow 5.5 to 4sqm per person
1938 labour dooks and internal passports introduced
1935 maternity and free education fall
Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive no
Moscow metro opened 1938
30,000 cinemas opened ussr
Opened sports facilities, public goods, parks of culture
1930- qll chilidren 8-11 must be in school increased no pupils 14 to 20 mill 1928-30
Cult of personality develop 1924-29
Lenin died, leadership race
Leadership was using party as anynoymous colective body making joint decisioin- yet few party leaders appear
After lenin death stalin increase media image , wanted to appear as had working man or moderation
After his efforts in civil war and tsaritskin renamed stalingrad in 1920s
Stalin is true lenin of todya- disciple
At meeting central comm, congress recieved larger and longer applauds
Cult stalin 1929-33
1931 huge push marx engles lenin and stalin appear on speches ie oct rev and celebrations
Priase heaped on stalin on his work with lenin and 1st year plan
Needed strong leader with disruptive econ polcu
Nursery walls with thank you stalkin for my happy childhood
Cult peronslaity 1933-39
Ns pact 3rd and 4th
1935 onwards only speak stalin in glooowing terms- almost propehtic
History of all union comm party stalin more present in oct rev- devoted to bolshevism- textbook that widely used 2 mill copied yb 1940
Statue of stalin at great soviet exhibition 1934
Portraits him as child teaching almost chrits like figure natural born leader
Height of cult personality post 1945
Won ww2 and defeat anazis enhanced his power
Celebrate 70th brithday
Picture him god like figure with lenin - sometimes appearing to tell lenin what to do
Omnipresent image of stalin reminded the society he everywhere- he udnerstands your hopes and has your best interests at heart
Prokofief 1939 song for 60th birthday ‘the name of stalin will protect us from harm
How sucessful were comm in modernising russian agriculture 1928-41
Collective farms
Machinery and tech
Grain requiisition
De kulak
Modernise r collective farms
Aim create rural proletariat
Sucesssful wihtt comm- more efficinet to requisist
1939 stalin said fully collectivised
1937- called for ocllectvvised
Durranty ny times pontemkin villlages
Sustain with 1 acre land
But hated so killed animals in protest
Machinery and tech- comm modernise agriculture
Mts 2500 stations- not enough
By 1932 144 tractors/day produced
Aimed proletarinaise peasants- ogpu and nkvd in mts
Crop rotation on 20% land in 1930s
1939 threshing mechanised 75%