To Go Over- Part 1 Flashcards

Question

Dec terror used 1917-

Answer 1

Cheka created

Answer 2

Anyone acusied of being burzki- beaton on streast of ewell dressed Bolshevised soldiers andsailors dfree licence to loot burzhi and acts of violence Eg red gaurd- 50 military cadets thrown into blast furnace State licenece and encourage dpeople to loot the looters ‘

Answer 3

Food supplies going to army Army using trains, which would transport food Moscow and petrograd recieving 1/3 food required in 1916

Answer 4

Abolition of private land ownership- socialissation of land Blunted appeal of sr in countrydside Workers increase rights major cituies- blunt prospect of future proett nd rev

Answer 5

Kadet Sizeing kremlin Aim to sieze rest of mosocw Ended as red guards stormed kremlin- kadets surrender Mortars and utiliary made more damage than ww2

Answer 6

Peasants 3 mar 1919 Frustrated force grain requisition and conscription- village of novodevich attacked a requisitions brigade First reds sent in to put down unrest, mutinies siding with villagers Olans to sieze control of gov of samara and simbrban- expanding local regions How solveed- village burning, conc camps, execution villages, 30% rebelled, 13,000 troops

Answer 7

Kerensky slipped away from winter palace after 9am- ibn american embassy car //7oct- biplane appeared petrograd dropping copied of proclamations bby kerensky- claiming his troops had takebbn tsakoesnev Krasnov russian tsarist general- hated kerebnsky after kornilov affair- advanced petrograd,1,000 men, put force of red gauds to fight Trotsky called on red gaurds to made out of city to defend the rv Krasnov calling reinforced bbut no success- offend provoke b or responsiblty civil war Krasnov Poor leadership and weakness abbandoned red gaurd attack

Answer 8

Oct and feb rev B sieze power Press censorship Land siezure Class wafare- bourgoise Banning of liberlas Establishment of cheka

Answer 9

Brest litovskc Trotsky cotrol armed forces Action s-e Foriegn intevention Romanoves Red terror Kolchak in command

Answer 10

1918 Reorganise red amr from red gaurd Reemploy 750,,000 imperial officers and 775 generals Strict discpline rintroduced and salute and death penalty

Answer 11

Northern and eastern rusia Gbb land archangel Estabblish anti-b gov French land odessa

Answer 12

Attack from kolchak Yudenich assult-west Attack from denekin Armistic between estoniaand russia signed

Answer 13

1919 Crossed urals mountains- east End apr- reds begin counter foffensive driving him back eastwards

Answer 14

1919 West Adavnced against petrograd- close in north Forced back red army oct

Answer 15

Southern volunteer army move northwards out fo crimea Decided to push close to moscow- siezed kharnov and tsaristky Trotsjy offer to resign- refused Denekin annex orel, forced back later in oct Trotsky sucessful in mission- enough red army to send denekin south towards crimea- which later get

Answer 16

Russia and estonia Latvia, lithuania, finland- recognised as independant states

Answer 17

1920 Apr0 poland invaded ukraine, aim to liberate ukraine and secure ukranian regions through eastrn galacian b Poles capture kieve by red regime Pushed back to warsaw

Answer 18

Decree on peace 8 nov- lenin order general dukhonin to contact german mil authority to enter peace negotiations and cease hostility 20 nov0 kronstadt body mutilateed of dukhonin- didnt recognise sovnarkom as central gob, russian soldiers abbandon front line to siexe land 2 dec0 armistace agreed Bb disrtibute rev pamphlets to german troops around no mans land at treaty b-l Trotsky arrive- took over negotiations at l- bbought more time through philisophical discussions to allow european rev to take place Split of party 8 jan 15 jan- argue beter deal

Answer 19

Middle class enemy Sell jewelry and clothes for bread 1920s study showed that 42% prostitutes from bougeois Red terror- after lenin shot Large sr arrests Men and sr excluded from soveits Increase executions -1908-20 increased 13,000, real stat closer to 300,000 Cheka increase class warfare Labbour and conc camps- for dissenting troublesome workers, peasants 1913-1921- pop russia decreased by 120 mill Palaces and town houses of rich taken over and living space divided up amongst proletariat

Answer 20

Feb 1918- bread rationing in petrograd v low- 50g/day Cibvil war sausage- horse meat Worker start to flee from city, factory staff needed for munitions- barter for foot Less than 1/3 urbban diet from state provisioned rations Black market- bag men travel around selling produce, swap handmade goods for food Choas in factory- lack of control- decrees on workers Increase opp from workers, anarchists, lefts, Woerker- economy, low food rations, state violence- new soviet elections, free press, ca Anarchists0 reject authoritarian control of gov Left wing groups against Treaty bl Wanted wart o restart to get beter position Captured dzerzinsky head of cheka Shot lenin

Answer 21

Many areas run bbby local mafias of bol officers- lived well as others ufered and starved 5,000 b and their families lived in kremlin and hotels in moscow with french trained chefs Critics procliamed from corrupt b officers and wives of mistrises went around with ‘jewelry shop window hanging round their necks

Answer 22

Cossaks in south raped and murdered villages of jews in pogroms- 115,000 deaths in ukraine alone, claimed jews supported bby b Whites shot miners who didnt produce enough coal- donbass region - rostov- hundred red miners burned alibve Kharnov- reds nailed epaullettes of officersc to their shoulders while still alibve Increased opposition- calling new soviet elections, free press and rstoration of ca

Answer 23

Value of rouble collapsed= shortage of goods led to soaring price inflation, refuse to hand over grain 335 agricultural land not used Rich wheat areas of ukraene fell outside b control Grain requisition wit help cheka to fill quotas even if peasants refuse- retailiation peasants murder b officials Leniinn tied to ignite class wafare agianst peasants- no ffewer than a hundred well known kadests’ ‘take place in full view of the pepole’, peasants didnt and retailated- stop planting next sseason

Answer 24

By 1921- no possibility of decisive white victory Grain requisition cause resentment- 118 seperate uprising in 1921 Tambov region- 70,000 strong rebevellion-tough for red army until posien cas in 1922

Answer 25

1921 great famine in russia Samora rainfall from 33 mm to 0.3mm in 1921 Illegal trade human flesh beigin as forging increase Death tol as highe as 8mill War comm and grain requisition encourage discontent

Answer 26

Food ration fall to 1thrd 1921- t50g.day Food demonstrations- cheka broke as ordinary soldiers reduse to fight against Dislike militarisation of catories- worker imprisoned or shot if targets not met State hijacked ty and took political control- calls for ‘soviet without communists’ Martial law imposed in moscow and petrograd

Answer 27

Hotbed for anarchiist radicalisation Crews of petropaulosh and seeratopol had emergency meeting and investigated Support empire, 30,000 soldier military in hope of 3rd rev- no central comm, autonomous, sovnarkom over gov 60,000 ra troop deal with dissents Red try to sieze fortified island- tukachevsky leader under ra control Ringleader round up and shot, 15,00 sailors sent to l=first big labour camp on white sea Claim not part of sfighters in 1917 rev- killed civil war- not some forout in rev- however argued kronstadt always had large no fo sr and anarchsist and less b

Answer 28

Trostky control red guard 1918- reemploy 750,000 officers and 775 generals from iperal army with experience and discipline, discipline esp important (reintroduce salute, death penalty, reusede democratisation Military strnegyh prove imporantant- counteroffensive against kolchak eastward denekin sva pushed back and crimea siezed- when denekin replaced with wrangel lacked strongl leader

Answer 29

Reverse democratisation unpop- mutiny kronstadt uprisning against increasingly dictatorial regimes eg 2 freedom of speech However arguably white only shorter term sucess- jolchack omsk gov firmeer military dctatorships, officer remove by coup Peasants 118 uprising 1918 feb, not good control whole country

Answer 30

Introduced june Factory workers and party activists first o be called up 40,000/275,000 peasants recuirts expeted actually appeared- peasants didnt want to leave villlages at harevst time

Answer 31

1 mill men 1919 spring, 3 mill 1920, 5 mill end of civil war

Answer 32

Mixed economy, halfway house bwteen private wealth and socialism Major companies and industry remain in private hands but under state control Factories and manufacturing managed by vesenkha Worers comm replaced by managers in factories and heavy infustries- production over to proletariat Rurlal lands not fully nationalised, granted to the peasants who farmed them Nationalisation of banks and railways

Answer 33

Steadily managed transistion towards socialism0- lenin insist gradual Decree on land (oct 1917) ensure peasants had incentive to prdocue grain Decree on workers control- ‘responsbility of the state for.. teh protection of property’ Infrastructure allowed for greater state control Vesenkha estabisshed to regualte economic life

Answer 34

Limited resources- famine Opposition Czech legion 1918 Junker mutinu Workers committess- poor control- increaseo wn wages, no regulation, black market, B outraged with comprpomise with old capitalist system

Answer 35

1918-21 Reversing many of concessions madde bfoe Remilitarise intensity of soldiers- more iscipliene Control over wokrers- managers- sueprvisers, internal passports Increase intensity of cheka- fear installed, martial alw Overall aim using civil war for b Coal, iron, steel nationalised Increase grain requisitions Private trade banned

Answer 36

Helped to decreasep eople leaving urban areas Increase control of factories Class warfare- rations based on indivdual in society and their contribution Urban workers and red army- most Bonuses reintrodiced as icentive Won teh b the civil war Urban areas fed Currency collapsed, dependanty upon work- rations repaced work Gave excise to take power- link wit hwar Some welcome this cange-f actories stay open

Answer 37

Grain requisition- removed incentive for peasants to work- kulaks persecuted Tambo rgion 1920s ungovernmeable- 118 peasant uprising in feb 192 1alone Value rouble collapsed Black market developed- bag men Cheka raisded trains Liimted goods to ration Infaltion rampant Output fall 20% of pre war levels by 1921- seere shortage raw materials Kronstadt sailors ipposed despite origional supporters Blockadeo f trade and less ukraisne worsen sitution Coal production fall by 20 mill tonne 1914-1920

Answer 38

1921-24 Grain requisition abolished- replaced by tax in kind- pepasants have to give over proportion of grain to state (Sell aborad))- less than what taken in requisistion- could sell surplus on open market- partial capitalism Ban on private rtade removed- food and goods flow more easily from countryside and towns- privatley owned shops nreintroduced Money economy back and increase rouble valyue Small business repone- under pirvate ownership allowd to make profit Inc small workshops and factories made goods such as shoes nails clothes Lenin relaised peasants wouldnt produce grain unless goods they wanted on sale State control of heavy infustry Coal steel oil Retain control of transport and bnking susetm Industry organised intro trusts that had to buy mateerials and pay their workers with own budget If failed to manage their budget fficiently could not expect state to bail them out

Answer 39

Private business repoen and profit incentive reintroidcued Production all ssections of economy increased- some not far off pre 1913 levels Grain harvest 76.8mill 1926 comp to 80mill 1913 tonnes Coal 27.4 miill 1920 comp 1913 29 mill Impressive considering b-l Workers paid real wages 1927 Rural famileis better fed, standard of living increase, klak emerged Advanceed methods used in farming Crop rotation on 20%-, chemical fertiliser Electrical output almost doubeld - supplied to many villlages and hospitals Gosplan- state general planning comm- established- manage nep with vzenksha Increase international trade and production- grain sold

Answer 40

Banning of grain requisition peleased rural comm Decreased armed rebellion against state Urban workers provided wiuth suppiles and wokr Party unified as loywalty nep provided= 10th conference- ban on factions 1921 New soviet bank established oct 1921 - balanced the budget Reformed currency- reoubles curency by 1924 New labour code- 8hr day, 2s annual leave, increased pay for increased producation

Answer 41

Famine continued until 1922- nep not show immediatley Railway in por condition- hf broken down- gov sought to increase by spending evious foreign currency on them By 1926-27- surpass 1913 levels Heavy industry took longer to recover Unemployed 16% 1923, same as iin 1927 Scissor crisis- trsotsky- agricultural prices falll as industrical prices increase0 eventually peasants stopped releasing grain quota as had enought to live and maek profit on- eventualy stopped buying manufactured goodsf Urban worker stilll dependant on private agriculture- rations not enough Temporary emasures- free entreprise- disised by many in party as morally worng- not scialist- lead to ban on factions

Answer 42

Pressureo n sr and rivals intensified Bol arrest 5,000 men 1921- c-r activity Comm round up accused sr and held show trials - seemingly democratic, biased trial 34 leaders condemned as terrorist, 11 execueted Mens ans srs out of parliament

Answer 43

By 1922- doxens of writers and scholars deported Efforts made to consume intelligensia that cric gov Pre-publication censorhsip in gaulit- admin for affairs of lit and publishing

Answer 44

Cheka renamed gpu 1922 Secret police grew in importance during nep Arbitrary imprisonment an death penalty after 1920

Answer 45

Discussion and debate Party structure Ends justify means Membership

Answer 46

Party lost support base in proletariat workforce Early suporters-urban workers and soldiers had faught, some ied, some join party bureacracy 1919- 39% party memebrs in army- other work in offices not factories Party start to focus to consolidate positions of members

Answer 47

Collapse of industry Lack peasant cooperation Struggle to win ciil war Political repression

Answer 48

Nep from war comm- appease, recoevr economy through private industry Exit from wwi- treaty bl Early supporters- urban worker and solder, had faught some died, some party beuracracy Iplemntation of war comm during ww1- grain requisition, keep soldier fed Nationalisation ‘communist’ economy in bans, heavy industry, railways ‘Releasing’ national minority from empire- reduce no oppositions Incentives- salt to peasants- attract support Decree on land, workers, peace- sovnarkom Politicisation of soveits=

Answer 49

Found solution to crisis faced Kronsstadt uprising, tambov- gas, kill kolchak, overrule denkin and yudenich Romanov killed Lack legit precedents- opp remoeved, ca dissolved, not roanovs White and green black defeated Leadership clear in army- trostky Control of raiways and key indstries- ammunitions factories, steel , coal , iron International situation ‘stark’

Answer 50

Discontent- war comm not stopped when war over Econ problems faced food shortages- rouble lost 96% value B-l harsh- lost valuable agriculture ukraine- humiliation Atrocity of kronstadt- dictatorship exposed, lost support from og Unity withiin party threaten- workers oppp Failure of permenant rev- eg spartacists Trimming of empire Famine- required us relief

Answer 51

Use of ban on factions- remove united opp Correct allies at right time 1924-25- backing zionoviev and kamenev against trostky before turning against them too Utalised lenin funeral to his adv Able to identify own policy with thosse of lenin- making critticism of policies diff- eg nep, expansion of party Remain in background when apporopriate to allow others to fight duels- literary wars z+k v trosky- 19925-26 Able to shift ideological standpoint- adap suit policu= ;eft and right too staunch in their ideas- eg great turn 1928- rapid industrialisation and grain requisition- turn from nep as no longer working- scissor crisis- but support as in urals- involved Needed to enforce socialism in one country Played left and right off each other

Answer 52

Q made over trotsky leadership style and capacbility- never commanded majoirty support, arrogant, good orato but disliked Tortsky author of own downfall in never making clear bid for leadership- as were k and z in breaching. Party disciline- ban on factions Trotsky leadership style Declaration 13th- permentat rev 1924 opp stalin socialism in one country Bad for factory workers- but contradicts previously his support for war comm with discipline in army and factory mworkers Trotsky stay quiet when last testament- could utalise lenins last words as truth

Answer 53

Lenin last testament- never made public knowledge- read out once and only once in congress and lower down- no notes to be made Death and pro stalin replacements: Sverdlov- 1919- chairman of central comm- replace kadinin Sverdlov thought as lenin sucessor Lenin 1924 Dzerinsky 1926 as head of cheka replaced by menzhinsky

Answer 54

Red army- trotsky Secret police- dzerzinsky dead Cominterm- tomsky )or rykov) Propaganda- bukharin

Answer 55

Trosky- permnant rev- traitor by not focusing own counrty Trosky incencire for concern industrial workers- strict party disciplien in factory Accuse united opp of factionalism- expelled all from party- k+z later let back in but trosly exiled to kazakstan and later istanbul

Answer 56

Zionoviev and kamenev opp bukharin and stalin Policy is at expense of industrial workers Kamenev spech- called for vote of no cnofidence in stalin 559-64(no)- due to stalin support

Answer 57

Remove bukharin supporters from party Nov 1929 stalin speech against bukharin Accuse- right deviation- not marxist enough Removed from partyl 3 recounted and let back in but no power or impact left

Answer 58

Deutscher, - too arrogant understimate stalins barmine carr- too arrogant so lack of support and coop with others

Answer 59

Conquest- skill at removing opponents- alliance witho ne group against another before turning on them Bukharin at secret meeting with kamenev- stalin ruthless ‘genghis khan’ ‘chanegs his theors according to who he needs to get rid of next’

Answer 60

Ward-] economic poluicy under ‘left turn’ icnreased mass support, previous critics of nep Deutscher- politburo- stalin moved with popular opinoion ‘always agreeable to the majority’

Answer 61

Mccauley- ‘stalin had luck on his side’-lenin death allowed for his rise]

Answer 62

1916 inflation reached 200% Value of rouble fallen substantially Million peasant farmers conscripted into army

Answer 63

Many of those conscription into the army had come from the Russian peasantry. By 1916 a third had been injured. As the Russian Army had retreated from Poland and Lithuania in 1915, they had employed a ‘scorched earth’ policy, destroying a great deal of farmland. Peasant livelihoods were obliterated. Shortages in grain during the war resulted in many of the poorer land workers hoarding what they produced.

Answer 64

Announcement of bread rationing

Answer 65

Putilov engineering factor