To Go Over- Part 1 Flashcards
July days
Several days of ucontrollable riots on streets
Sparked by a failure of a sumemr offensive- anegr at economy, petrograd garrison feared being sent to front, many wanted to size control
Kronstadt urpsising
Pg support men and sr in fighting back
Lenin exile
Bol majority by oct rev
Trostky chair exec petrograd gov
23,000 deb to 300,000 by oct
Newspaper
10,000 red gaurds
Moscow city duma 20 sept 51% compared to 11% june
Bol majority petrograd and moscow soveits
Trotsky elected chairman of petrogrd soviets
4/7 soveit exec comm seats by bolsheviks
Lenin in finland- barrage of emssages
Why did rev occur feb 1917 econ
Sr
Economic disaster 1914-17
Causes by war efforts and increase costs associatied
Loss of workforce esp peasants
Inflation and real wages fell
Lr
Economic backwardness- industrialised late on, traditionaly emphasis on agriculture- reliabel on weather00- instability caused as econ move
First duma
Land reform- biggest failure- goremykin (pm 1914-16 and 1906) reected
Tauride palace proetested- crossed border to finland and issue vybord manifeto= many kadets arrested
Sucecess- cooperation during famine
Kadet majority,
Lots of demands- not sucessful
Amnesty political prisoners, fully democratic electoral systemes
Second duma
Less kadets, cooperate famine regime
Debates end in fights
Stolpin- sd plot asassinate tsar- dissolve
Tu banned
Fourth duma
Centre right mahoirty
Fall back to policy of repression
Ww1 met intermittently during conflict
Culture and reform orthodox church
Provide uni education
Dissolve itself back war effort
Pg achievement
Within few days- olice department abolished and repaleced - political prisoners freed
Polictical meetinsgs and e- newspaper and pamphlest
2mill petrograd- join trade unions
On front line- abolition of capital pinishment
Wartime rationing became freer
Comm legal exports appointed to produce plan for r. Service
Elections to constutient eassemblied
Areas ps conflict pg
Pg self appointed- llligetimate, wealthyl, petrograde legit vlice of people
How war should be continued
Exiled.impisoned left iwng leaders brought back to city- esp lenin increase ltension
Pg temporary
Pg postpone elections and decision making flaws
Land sucess pg no
Srs joined pg may- seemed to have betetr relationship with peasantry and pg
Chernov (sr leader)- minister of arguculture, sr abuse peaceful solution\
Not successful- land siezures increased 237 cases july, local sr encountered issues if treied to restrain peasants
Econ pg
Food shortage, unemployment and high prices, still rationing- grain crisis gov increase price by 100%
Railway system, badly damaged by war
Shortage fuel and raw materials- factoreies close down
Poor harvest 19917
Resources towards army laking
Increase strikes
Sent out punishment brigades to requsisition grain
Disint persuade pearosns to bring grain to city as few goods to buy at inflated rate
Revisionsit historians 70s 80s oct rev
More objective
Aware western propaganda- vilify ussr
Look to both sides
Smith- more action role lower ranks bol party- less organisation
Fitzpatrick- argued that workers, soldiers and peasants created conditions in which b could operate- formed soviets and comm before bol on schene
Post revisionist hisotrian view oct rev
Declassification
Eg robert service
Argue lenin key figure w/ut drive and persistance not oct rev
Hall makrs of coup present.
Maintain independant action at local levels in pg and soviet
Eg increassed radicalisation of worker, soldier, sailor and peasants
Why were bols sucessful oct 1917
Weakness of provisional gov
Nature of pg
Mistakes of kerensky
Policies
Other factors
Strengths of bolsheviks
Poliicies
Party
Luck
Other factors
Bol sucess oct 1917 weakness pg policies
Failure to understand peeasantry- legimiise peasant land takeover not given7
Oppression similar to tsarist regime
Continue involvement in war, economic policy- ineffecitve, treatment of minorities- lost support after danger self sdetermination
B sucess oct strnegth b policies
Popular to end war
Land to peasanry- nationalised
‘All powe0r to the soveist’ ‘peace land and bread’
B apporach pg and urge overthwo
Socialist policies associated with pg- opposition to them meant ssupport bolsheviks
B sucess oct 1917 strnegth b luck
Kornilov affiar- bolsheviks used as an opportunity to provide themselves
Oct rev- pg gain support
Economy worsen and war situation- anger of proletariat
Radicalised workers to favour soviet power
B sucess oct other factors strneght b
Bolsheviks-s more active supporters around petrograd and moscow
Pnly smalll majority of petrograd gained blshevik support- ajority soldiers remain revolution and reform opporition
Lenin pricniple reason why rev sucessful oct idoelogy lenin
Forefront of socialism- what is to be done 1902- broke down complext details into more undertsandable messgaes
April thesis- soveits sole power, nationalisation of land, spread sociaism internationally, remove from war
Head bolshevik party
T pricniple reason why rev sucessful oct t ideology
More in contact with [eople- leadership of petrograd soviet- 51% bol insep moscow city duma, 4/7 soveit exec comm
Hold together all factionss
Kornilov
Chose trajectory of july days, trotsky heoric, arrested more poularity
Oct concessinos made 1917
Max 8hr day
Free education all children
Social insuance- benefits
Old ge, health, unemployment
Immediate end to war- peace talks, armistice agreed nov
Perhaps to lower class
Abolish private ownership of land, legitimise peasant siecurs of land without compensation to landlorsds
Oct 1917 terro
Opp press abnned
Nov concession granted 1917
Abolish titles and class ranks
Promise self determination of poeple, of former russian empire in dec
Finland- indepenant, ukraine- elected rada
Gave women rights to sueprivese management
Mena nd women equal rights on properties
Nov terror used 1917
Abolution of old judicial system and established new legal system of elected poeoples county
Opposistion- burzkin- enermy of the people- society turn in on itself
Dec concession 1917
Nationalised banks
Demoratization of army, remove ranks, saluets, army decie who to elect officers under contrl soldiers soviets
Nationalise church
Remove marriage and divroce from ecclesiatical control
Women right to initiate divorce
Dec terror used 1917-
Cheka created
Occt dec 1917 terror used
Anyone acusied of being burzki- beaton on streast of ewell dressed
Bolshevised soldiers andsailors dfree licence to loot burzhi and acts of violence
Eg red gaurd- 50 military cadets thrown into blast furnace
State licenece and encourage dpeople to loot the looters ‘
Food shortage linked to war
Food supplies going to army
Army using trains, which would transport food
Moscow and petrograd recieving 1/3 food required in 1916
Concessions one party state
Abolition of private land ownership- socialissation of land
Blunted appeal of sr in countrydside
Workers increase rights major cituies- blunt prospect of future proett nd rev
Moscow uprpiising
Kadet
Sizeing kremlin
Aim to sieze rest of mosocw
Ended as red guards stormed kremlin- kadets surrender
Mortars and utiliary made more damage than ww2
Chapan rebellion
Peasants
3 mar 1919
Frustrated force grain requisition and conscription- village of novodevich attacked a requisitions brigade
First reds sent in to put down unrest, mutinies siding with villagers
Olans to sieze control of gov of samara and simbrban- expanding local regions
How solveed- village burning, conc camps, execution villages, 30% rebelled, 13,000 troops
Kerensky krasnov
Kerensky slipped away from winter palace after 9am- ibn american embassy car
//7oct- biplane appeared petrograd dropping copied of proclamations bby kerensky- claiming his troops had takebbn tsakoesnev
Krasnov russian tsarist general- hated kerebnsky after kornilov affair- advanced petrograd,1,000 men, put force of red gauds to fight
Trotsky called on red gaurds to made out of city to defend the rv
Krasnov calling reinforced bbut no success- offend provoke b or responsiblty civil war
Krasnov
Poor leadership and weakness
abbandoned red gaurd attack
Civil wwar events 1917
Oct and feb rev
B sieze power
Press censorship
Land siezure
Class wafare- bourgoise
Banning of liberlas
Establishment of cheka
Civil war events 1918
Brest litovskc
Trotsky cotrol armed forces
Action s-e
Foriegn intevention
Romanoves
Red terror
Kolchak in command
T control armed forces
1918
Reorganise red amr from red gaurd
Reemploy 750,,000 imperial officers and 775 generals
Strict discpline rintroduced and salute and death penalty
Foirgein intervention civil wr 1918
Northern and eastern rusia
Gbb land archangel
Estabblish anti-b gov
French land odessa