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8- Russian History > Topic 1- Dissent And Rev > Flashcards

Topic 1- Dissent And Rev Flashcards

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1
Q

Feb rev

A

Following international workers day march
Geenral strike 250,000 protesting- paralysing the capital
66,000 garison march i n support

27 feb- nicholas return petrograd and sdissolve duma
28 feb- armed crowds broke into prisons- peter and paul fort, kerensky emerged as leader winnng respect
1 mar- temporary comm created- petrograd soveit issued order no1- pledge recognise pg in return for tsar abdication
2 mar-nicholas abdicate in favour of his brother who rejects

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2
Q

Order no 1

A

Petrograd soveit issued
Pledge recognise pg in return for tsar abdication

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3
Q

Apr 1917

A

Lenin returns trograd
Deliver april thesis

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4
Q

April thesis

A

Soveit sole power- after lenin rule breifly
Not work with pg
Nationalisation of land
Sprread international socialism
Get out of war

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5
Q

May 1917

A

Pg coalition- 5 socialsts from liberal gov, war remains in hand of pg
Resignition of milykov after pg decide to continue until ‘just’ victory- public outrage

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6
Q

June 1917

A

Failed offensive on eastern front
Mutiny on front- officers shot by soliders

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7
Q

July 1917

A

Pg reshuffle- keerensky hea, gov more socialist than liebral
July days

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8
Q

July days

A

Several days of ucontrollable riots on streets
Sparked by a failure of a sumemr offensive- anegr at economy, petrograd garrison feared being sent to front, many wanted to size control
Kronstadt urpsising
Pg support men and sr in fighting back
Lenin exile

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9
Q

Kronstadt uprising

A

Major naval base
Og bolsheviks
V radical and anarchist

March on tauride palace (20,000) demand petrograd soveit take place - b slogans used ‘all power to the soviets’ ‘peace land bread’

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10
Q

Kornilov affair

A

Aug 1917
Kerensky appointed kornlov as commander general- right wing
Wanetd to crush radical sociealists by bringing law and order to petrograd
Kerenskyy panic and call bolsheviks for control rev
Pg bad jsugeemnt- soviets recieved more support

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11
Q

Sep 1917

A

Bolshevik majority
Lenin in exile- finland, bobard central comm with letters- prepared fro rev- ‘history will not forgve us if we do not secure power now’

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12
Q

Bolshevik majority- sep 1917

A

Trostky chair exec petrograd gov
23,000 deb to 300,000 by oct
Newspaper
10,000 red gaurds

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13
Q

Oct 1917

A

Lenin returns to russia
Speech central comm- ‘armed uprsing is the order of the day’ vote 10:2
Kamenev and ainoviev against

Mil rev com- trostky on 5 oct
Control 200,000 red gaurds, 60,000 baltic sailros, 100,000 petrograd garrison

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14
Q

Mistakes keerensky

A

Kornilov affair- poor judge of character- reliant on extrmsist
July days- men and sr to defeat bolsheviks
Failed offensive- spark july days, and anegr, huge casulties
Not cracked down on bolsheviks, economy, national identity/land q

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15
Q

Lenin background

A

Jewish
Privilegded porfessional family- simbrish- intellgensia
Older bro invlved in plot to assassinate tsar alexander 3rd- bro killed and family questioned
Uni- study law- involved student revolt
18950- joined marxist discussion group

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16
Q

Lenin books

A

What is to be done 1902
Imperialism and the highest state of caputalism 1916
The state and revolution 1917

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17
Q

What is to be done 1902

A

Idea rev party- highly centralised gov
Reprsent working class- need rev elite to give way
Network of agents
Small conspiratory party- professional and dedicated revoutionaries

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18
Q

The state and revlution 1917

A

What state willl look like post rev
Transformation of econ and society
State s6tructure take power by revolutionary
Spontaneous unit of people- support rev

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19
Q

Imperialism and highest state of capitalism 1916

A

Capitalism bankrupt- collapse in a series of wars between capital countried
Lead to civil war- class conflict= facilitated by rev

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20
Q

Why bolsheviks disagree with other parties

A

Cooperate with pg- sr
Some wanted to continue with war util better setllement
Kadet- dont want redistribution of land- middle class
Spread socialissm internationally
All power to the soviets- too far

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21
Q

The feb 1917 rev was an inevitability

A

Tsar decision making/gov
Failure by litcians to reform
Military failures

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22
Q

Feb rev inevitable- tar decision making/gov- yes

A

Tsar in control army 1915- professional bloc and snr officers plan coup
Army generals questioning command
Rasputing and gov tsarina (german- nevitable lost faih in- undermined
Supported by sycophants- advisers pointless
Previous tsar alex 3- russification 1881- anti jewish pgroms- jewish leader revolutionary
Trade unions- 190665
14 feb- 10,000 workers and international womens day on 23rd, 24,000 protest, wih general strike by 25th

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23
Q

1917 rev not inevitable- tsar decsision making/govv- no

A

Rasputin more fictional- supported by peasants as one himself
Previouss tsars didnst suggest would happen 1917- revolutionary group, many leaders suprised

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24
Q

Feb rev inevtable-failure to politically reform- yes

A

Public arent satisfied- duma and tsar in contrl= fundemental laws 1906- oct manifesto- automatic gov
Stolypin- didnt like hostility- 1907 dissove as riot start to take place, assassinated 1911
Sd plot to assasinate tsar
‘First pacifissm, and then and only then, reform’
;pacification’ priorities over reform- remove political voice

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25
Q

Failure to politically refom- no- feb rev inevitavle

A

Duma cause anger not failure to politically reform 1914- duma agreed that ssupport tsar war efforts99
Regardless choice- more power to tsar, wasnt the ‘powersharing’ in the eyes of the public

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26
Q

Military failures- feb rev inevitable yes

A

Previous rev 1905 bloody sunday - trigegr failure of r-japanese war- military defeat spurs revolutionary spirit
Ww1 own failures
G defeat r sep 1915- on northern front- may- 125,000 casulties
Tsar 1915 made himsefl control of army -responsibility held

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27
Q

Military failures- no- feb rev inevitable

A

Other factors
Legalisation of tu allowed 1905
1917- econ situation harsh- high no casulties and deaths due to war

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28
Q

Why did rev occur in feb 1917- politics

A

Sr
Gov tsarina alexandra- undermined by rasputin and surrounded by yes men
Failure to politically reform- whilst have duma, tsar in control
Oct manifesto ecemented

Lr
Social oppression lower classes- traditionally no tu (until 1905), poor reatment by factory owners
Political activism and parties- 1905 rev and bloody sunday, increased support left- bolsheviks
Failure to poliitical reform- previuous tsars tried to make reform however failed, oct manifesto

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29
Q

Why did rev occur in feb 1917 - economimc

A

Sr
Economic disaster 1914-17
Causes by war efforts and increase costs associatied
Loss of workforce esp peasants
Inflation and real wages fell

Lr
Economic backwardness- industrialised late on, traditionaly emphasis on agriculture- reliabel on weather00- instability caused as econ move

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30
Q

Why did rev occur 1917 feb- military failures

A

Sr
Tsar nich deciciosn making- head of army- decisions and reputation failed
War failures and sufering on home fronts- mass caultes andp ooer organisation contribute to army dissatisfaction and turning against later on

Lr
Historical military failures- 1905 r-j war, ww1 on diff fronts

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31
Q

first duma

A

Kadet majority,
Lots of demands- not sucessful
Amnesty political prisoners, fully democratic electoral systemes

Land reform- biggest failure- goremykin (pm 1914-16 and 1906) reected
Tauride palace proetested- crossed border to finland and issue vybord manifeto= many kadets arrested
Sucecess- cooperation during famine

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32
Q

Second duma-

A

Less kadets, cooperate famine regime
Debates end in fights
Stolpin- sd plot asassinate tsar- dissolve
Tu banned

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33
Q

Third duma

A

Right wing majority
1911 stolypin short
Agrarian reform go well
Defeatd bill to extend westwards in empire

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34
Q

third duma

A

Right wing majority
Agrarian reforms go well
1911 stolypin shot

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35
Q

Foruth duma

A

Centre right mahoirty
Fall back to policy of repression
Ww1 met intermittently during conflict
Culture and reform orthodox church
Provide uni education
Dissolve itself back war effort

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36
Q

Pg support base

A

Provision comm of dma
Those who supported constitutional monarch
Liberal middle class

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37
Q

Pg authority and guiding principles

A

Body ahead of elections for new constition and assembly - temporary
Wanted to create gov of national unity- immediate amnesty of all political prisoner,s aboliyom of national, religious, social privileges, abolution politicians, election loclal commision

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38
Q

Leader pg

A

Pm princel vov
Foreign minister- milykov

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39
Q

Pg achievement

A

Within few days- olice department abolished and repaleced - political prisoners freed
Polictical meetinsgs and e- newspaper and pamphlest
2mill petrograd- join trade unions
On front line- abolition of capital pinishment
Wartime rationing became freer
Comm legal exports appointed to produce plan for r. Service
Elections to constutient eassemblied

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40
Q

Support base petrograd soviet

A

Proletariat osldiers
Radical soldiers, itelectuals, mens, srs, bols

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41
Q

aims and guiding principles of petrograd soviet

A

Soveit encourage peasanst
Rep of people- against pg ‘unelected nature’
Against war
Order no1- orderes of ps hsould ake precendence of pg

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42
Q

Arreas of petrograd soviet conflict with pg

A

Pg self appointed- llligetimate, wealthyl, petrograde legit vlice of people
How war should be continued
Exiled.impisoned left iwng leaders brought back to city- esp lenin increase ltension
Pg temporary
Pg postpone elections and decision making flaws

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43
Q

Success of pg- war- sucess

A

How tackled war effort
Pg milyakov foeign minister- defend russia and made territorial gains if allies won
Soviet defensiev war only

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44
Q

War- sucessful pg- no

A

Milykov forced to reign- crisis pg
Pg rehsuffle- socialist gov- coalition
Sumemr 1917- pg offensive against germany
Kerensky- minister for wr- popular and used to gain surt- most liberals suport,hoped to achieve bargaining power- ultimately failed

45
Q

Land- sucess pg- yes

A

May 1917- significant issue- peasant want land no one to stop taking it- between emancipatio of sufs 1861
Wanted gov to give legitmicay to activity
Pg didnt want to hand over land- gave compensation
Concerned disintegration of army as peasantry return for land

46
Q

Land- sucess pg- no

A

Criticism over organisation of redistribution
Srs joined pg may- seemed to have betetr relationship with peasantry and pg
Chernov (sr leader)- minister of arguculture, sr abuse peaceful solution

Not successful- land siezures increased 237 cases july, local sr encountered issues if treied to restrain peasants

47
Q

Nationalities and minorities- how sucessful pg

A

Fins and poles called for independance
Other regions wanetd autonomu- caucasion regime
Biggest problem in ukraine- immense value to russia- most valuable farmland in empire- self governance wanted

48
Q

Economic situations- how successful was the pg

A

Food shortage, unemployment and high prices, still rationing- grain crisis gov increase price by 100%
Railway system, badly damaged by war
Shortage fuel and raw materials- factoreies close down
Poor harvest 19917
Resources towards army laking
Increase strikes
Sent out punishment brigades to requsisition grain
Disint persuade pearosns to bring grain to city as few goods to buy at inflated rate

49
Q

Soviet view of oct rev 1917-91

A

Propaganda glory
Populist urisng with bolsheviks heors

50
Q

Increased support of b up to oct rev

A

Moscow city duma 20 sept 51% compared to 11% june
Bol majority petrograd and moscow soveits
Trotsky elected chairman of petrogrd soviets
4/7 soveit exec comm seats by bolsheviks
Lenin in finland- barrage of emssages

51
Q

Lib/western view post 945 of oct rev

A

Cold war
Coup detat
Lenin ed
Ocyt rev disatser -schapiro- liberal veiew- west feared agressive interventions ussr

52
Q

Revisionist historians 70s and 80s- oct rev

A

More objective
Aware western propaganda- vilify ussr
Look to both sides
Smith- more action role lower ranks bol party- less organisation
Fitzpatrick- argued that workers, soldiers and peasants created conditions in which b could operate- formed soviets and comm before bol on schene

53
Q

Post revisionist/recent historian view of oct rev

A

Declassification
Eg robert service
Argue lenin key figure w/ut drive and persistance not oct rev
Hall makrs of coup present.
Maintain independant action at local levels in pg and soviet
Eg increassed radicalisation of worker, soldier, sailor and peasants

54
Q

Why were the bols successful oct 1917

A

Weakness of provisional gov
Nature of pg
Mistakes of kerensky
Policies
Other factors

Strengths of bolsheviks
Poliicies
Party
Luck
Other factors

55
Q

Bol success oct 1917- weakness pg- nature of pg

A

Coalition gov- divided- diff parts of political specturm- socialist and liberals
No election- unpopular- lac kof authorty- supposed to be temporary
Scope for action liimited with dual power wht soviet holding power

56
Q

Bol success oct 1917- mistakes by kerensky- weakness pg

A

Failed suemr offensive- collaspe 3 days- desertioin- led to july days
Kornilov affiar- order was mistake
Underestimate strenth b in oct

57
Q

Bol success oct 1917- weakness pg-policies

A

Failure to understand peeasantry- legimiise peasant land takeover not given
Oppression similar to tsarist regime
Continue involvement in war, economic policy- ineffecitve, treatment of minorities- lost support after danger self sdetermination

58
Q

B success oct rev- weakness pg- other factors

A

Moderate socialists increasingly letf wing- loosing contact with core supporters
Liberals increasing right wing- kadects more right, alarmed by violence

59
Q

B success oct 1917- strength of b- policies

A

Popular to end war
Land to peasanry- nationalised
‘All powe0r to the soveist’ ‘peace land and bread’
B apporach pg and urge overthwo
Socialist policies associated with pg- opposition to them meant ssupport bolsheviks

60
Q

B success oct 1917- strength - party

A

Led by intelligensa- well organised, small no prodessional disciplieened- lenin- apr thesis- oct rev
Trotsky role in postponing start of oct rev- allow all russia congress of soveitss to arrive- legitimacy

61
Q

B success oct 1917- strength of b- luck

A

Kornilov affiar- bolsheviks used as an opportunity to provide themselves
Oct rev- pg gain support
Economy worsen and war situation- anger of proletariat
Radicalised workers to favour soviet power

62
Q

B success oct 1917- other factors- strength b

A

Bolsheviks-s more active supporters around petrograd and moscow
Pnly smalll majority of petrograd gained blshevik support- ajority soldiers remain revolution and reform opporition

63
Q

Lenin was the principle reason whhy rev was successful in oct

A

Loa- yes but trostky built on foundations by lenin
Postponing essentials

Ideology
Stratedgy
Military

64
Q

Lenin was the principle reason whhy rev was successful in oct - ideology- lenin

A

Forefront of socialism- what is to be done 1902- broke down complext details into more undertsandable messgaes
April thesis- soveits sole power, nationalisation of land, spread sociaism internationally, remove from war
Head bolshevik party

65
Q

Lenin was principle reason why rev was successful with oct- trotsky- ideology

A

More in contact with [eople- leadership of petrograd soviet- 51% bol insep moscow city duma, 4/7 soveit exec comm
Hold together all factionss
Kornilov
Chose trajectory of july days, trotsky heoric, arrested more poularity

66
Q

Lenin principle reason why rev successful in oct - lenin- stratedgy

A

Exile- barrage letters, vote and speech
Lenin 25-24 oct- maintaining freeedom important- key target as head of bol arty

67
Q

Lenin principle reason why rev success in oct- trotsky-] stratedgy

A

Postpone, more preparation time,
Clearer party image and greater organisation
Blame ‘all russia congress of soveist- more legit than coup deteat

68
Q

Lenin principle reason why rev sucess in oct- trostky- military

A

Organise mil rev kom- skill and knowldged pof identity, strageic

69
Q

Lenin principle reaosn why bsuccess oct rev - lenin- military

A

Mil rev comm set up
200,000 red gaurd, 60,000 sailor kornstadt, petrograd garrison

70
Q

Sovnarkom

A

act as gov, take precendence over exec comm of congress of soviets, set out lots of secrees and resolutions

71
Q

October concessions made 1917

A

Max 8hr day
Free education all children
Social insuance- benefits
Old ge, health, unemployment
Immediate end to war- peace talks, armistice agreed nov
Perhaps to lower class
Abolish private ownership of land, legitimise peasant siecurs of land without compensation to landlorsds

72
Q

Oct 1917- terror used

A

Opp press banned

73
Q

Nov concession granted 1917

A

Abolish titles and class ranks
Promise self determination of poeple, of former russian empire in dec
Finland- indepenant, ukraine- elected rada
Gave women rights to sueprivese management
Mena nd women equal rights on properties

74
Q

Nov terror used 1917

A

Abolution of old judicial system and established new legal system of elected poeoples county
Opposistion- burzkin- enermy of the people- society turn in on itself

75
Q

Dec concession 1917

A

Nationalised banks
Demoratization of army, remove ranks, saluets, army decie who to elect officers under contrl soldiers soviets
Nationalise church
Remove marriage and divroce from ecclesiatical control
Women right to initiate divorce

76
Q

Dec terror used 1917

A

Creation of cheka to root out opp

77
Q

Oct-dec 1917- teror used

A

Anyone acusied of being burzki- beaton on streast of ewell dressed
Bolshevised soldiers andsailors free licence to loot burzhi and acts of violence
Eg red gaurd- 50 military cadets thrown into blast furnace
State licenece and encourage dpeople to loot the looters ‘

78
Q

Food shortage linked to war

A

Food supplies going to army
Army using trains, which would transport food
Moscow and petrograd recieving 1/3 food required in 1916

79
Q

Failure of tsarist system lt

A

Figes
‘Could not cope with the challenges of urbanization and the developmentof a modern market based econ ‘ bought democratci changes

80
Q

Increasing atinalist sentiment

A

Literacy rates rose from 21
5 1897 to 40% 1914
Growth of nass based nationalist movenents in rural schools
Seen in ca 1917- 71% ukraininan peasants vote for natiomalists- ‘astonishing shift in political awareness in only a generation’

81
Q

Importance of lenin

A

Figes
‘It was not marxism that made lenin a revolutionary but lenin who made marxism revolutionary

82
Q

What happened with battleship potemkin

A

Ships crew rebelled after spokesperson ove rpeice of magotty meat, the ships doctor claimed safe to eat,

83
Q

Failure on stolypin land reform

A

Believed that if prvate ownership feel have stake in system and coop mroe
‘Wager on the strong’
He assumed poor due to collectivism
Yet instead collectivism used to ‘distribute the burden of their poverty’ figes

84
Q

Lack of preparedness of military leaders ww1

A

Supreme commaner grand duke nikolai- never taken part in any serious fighting
General sukhomlinov minister for war- salon soldier- done v little prepare army for combat

85
Q

Influence of rasputin

A

Alexandra write to nicholas with r recommendations on food supply tranport finance and land reofmr

86
Q

Converts to bolshevism

A

T and alexandra kollontai by lenin stress on internat rev action to end war
From lw men

87
Q

Support for kerensky

A

Hailed pote of the nation
First love of the rev

88
Q

Out of touch lenin

A

Had spent most of past 16 years up to feb rev in exile ein euroep
Thus little recent knowledge of the way its people lived

89
Q

Leaders released during july days

A

Trotsky and other bol

90
Q

Reaction against closure of russias national parliament

A

‘No popular reaction’- figes
Among the peasatry the traditional base of support for the sr party, tehre was idnifference

91
Q

Example for burzui punished

A

Baroness meyendorff sold a diamond brooch for 5,000 roubles- enough to buy a bag of flour

92
Q

Russia behind politically

A

‘Late to emerge from feudalism’- 1860
1905 elected parliament
‘Russias towns had nno tradition of political organization or self government’ - fitzpatrick

93
Q

Rural depopulation

A

Years immediately before ww1- 9 mill passports for seasonal work outside villages
1/2 peasant households in european russia inc a family member who left the village for work

94
Q

Failure of dual authority

A

‘Dual power’ ‘proved an illusion’ ‘maskinh something very like a power vacuum’
Pg barely survived kornilovs attempted coup from he right
Succumbing in oct- oct rev
Fitzgerald

95
Q

Classic western interpretation of 1917

A

Bol secret weapon of party organisation and discipline
What is to be done- moulded the bbol party in its formative years and continued to determine bol behavoir even after the final emergence from undergroundin feb 1917- fitzgerald

96
Q

Alternative view on 1917

A

Bol appeal due to their ‘radicalism on tyeh extreme left of the political spectrum
Whilst socialists and lib groups jostled for position in pg and ps the bol refused to be co opted and denounced the politics of coalition
Fitzgerald

97
Q

Bol sucess 1917 themselves

A

Fitzgerald
Only the bol ‘had overcome marxist scruples, caught the modo of the crowd and declared their willingness to sieze power in the name of the proletarian rev’
Refused to cooperatet in pg as otehrs hadd done

98
Q

Military resistance disintegrated with feb rev
+

A

Police disintergratino
Troops from pg brought into the city to control the crowd had begun to fraternize with it By 28th feb- petrograd military comander - rev crowd had taken over all railway stations, all artillery supplies,

99
Q

Who forced to abdicate

A

Army high command
Pskov on return journey from mogilev- nicholas’s train met by emissaries from high command and duma- suggested abdicate

100
Q

Who ordered killing of romanovs

A

bolshevik urals soviet- according to fitzgerlad

101
Q

Pg authority from

A

No electoral mandate
Dericve authority from now defunct duma
Consent of the army high command
Informal agreements with public organisations like zemsvo league and war industries comm

Allied powers recognised immediately

102
Q

Germanys role in feb rev

A

Lenin and other emigre community in switzerland - helped by ger gov to cross ger in sealed train
Clealry in ger interests to let russian rev opposed to teh war return to russia
Fitzgerald

103
Q

Bolshevik party membbership growing

A

24,000 at time feb rev
100,000 end apr
Oct 350,000- inc 60,000 petrograd and 70,000 moscow- most important areas

104
Q

Factor contributing to fear of kornilov affiar

A

Ger captured riga on eve kornilov affair

105
Q

Why z and k oppose l

A

Irresponsible for bol sieze power by a coup
Unrealistic to think that hey could hold power alone

106
Q

Why ooct rev less heroic

A

Battleship aurora moored opposite palace in river neva not fire single live shot
Occupyig forces let kerensky slip out a side entrance and sucesfully flee the city by car

107
Q

Lenin attitude on socialist coalition

A

Adamently against it- fitzgerald

108
Q

Why sr success peasants

A

Single issue voters
Sr and bol programme basically the same but srs better known

8- Russian History (16 decks)

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