Topic 2- Bolshevik Consolidation- 1918-24 Flashcards
How did lenin secure a one party state
B intervention and sabotage preparations and closre of constituent assembly
Terror
Religion
Concessions
End involvements ww1
Itroduction of 1918 constitution
Constituent assembly polling and results
Kadest= better than expected
Bolshevik- minority
Sr- majoirty- 370/717
Women could vote
B had frequently attacked pg on the constuent assembly, took long time to gather votes- vast distance
B intervention- how did lenin secure one party state
20 nov- sovnarkom announced delay to its official opening- appintd b dzerzhinsky- future head of heeka
Blame bourgeois- bread shortage- cheka estblished
Sabotage preparations- leenin secure one party state
Due to open 3th jan- too great risk
B question results and demand rfresh elections
Claim rights to recall indiviual deputies
Clearer sins-intend sabtogaue ca
Opening of ca
Designed sverdlov to speak in his stead to open proceedings- demand ca recognised all rissia soviet as the supreme power
Right sr leader- elected chairman of ca
Speech avoided any acknowlegdemnt of sverdlov instead of ar soveit over constituent a
Suspension and closure- ca
Lenin no intention of taking power for himself
One b douties announced ca counter rev
By refusing to acknoweldge supremacy of all rusia soveit
B left hall, followed left srs
Sailors surround deputies call counter rev
Deputy proposed around until 5pm- passed, close
Terror- ca
23 mil rev comm- arrest 3 elected commissars
Kadet leaders in peter and paul fortress
8 jan- insist death penalty for counter rev agitators and bourgeois who resisted and avoid compulseryy labour- soon increased for thosse who break curfew
Religion- one party state
R secular state- gov no support orthodox church
R adoption of gregorian calender made to bring r in line with rest of europe
Concessions- one party state
Abolition of private land ownership- socialissation of land
Blunted appeal of sr in countrydside
Workers increase rights major cituies- blunt prospect of future proett nd rev
End involvement in ww1- how lenein secure one party state
Decree on peace achieved increase support
Although brest litovsk shameful
Introduction of 118 constitution- lenin secure one party ststae
Temporary hole on finances
Tasnistinoal dictatorship
Sovnarkom as key body- centralist- over soviet body
Any counter rev can be arrested
State capitalism
Mixed economy, halfway house bwteen private wealth and socialism
Major companies and industry remain in private hands but under state control
Factories and manufacturing managed by vesenkha
Worers comm replaced by managers in factories and heavy infustries- production over to proletariat
Rurlal lands not fully nationalised, granted to the peasants who farmed them
Nationalisation of banks and railways
Sucess of economic policu
Steadily managed transistion towards socialism0- lenin insist gradual
Decree on land (oct 1917) ensure peasants had incentive to prdocue grain
Decree on workers control- ‘responsbility of the state for.. teh protection of property’
Infrastructure allowed for greater state control
Vesenkha estabisshed to regualte economic life
Failures- state capitalism
Limited resources- famine
Opposition
Czech legion 1918
Junker mutinu
Workers committess- poor control- increaseo wn wages, no regulation, black market,
B outraged with comprpomise with old capitalist system
War communism
1918-21
Reversing many of concessions madde bfoe
Remilitarise intensity of soldiers- more iscipliene
Control over wokrers- managers- sueprvisers, internal passports
Increase intensity of cheka- fear installed, martial alw
Overall aim using civil war for b
Coal, iron, steel nationalised
Increase grain requisitions
Private trade banned
Sucess war comm
Helped to decreasep eople leaving urban areas
Increase control of factories
Class warfare- rations based on indivdual in society and their contribution
Urban workers and red army- most
Bonuses reintrodiced as icentive
Won teh b the civil war
Urban areas fed
Currency collapsed, dependanty upon work- rations repaced work
Gave excise to take power- link wit hwar
Some welcome this cange-f actories stay open
War comm- failures
Grain requisition- removed incentive for peasants to work- kulaks persecuted
Tambo rgion 1920s ungovernmeable- 118 peasant uprising in feb 192 1alone
Value rouble collapsed
Black market developed- bag men
Cheka raisded trains
Liimted goods to ration
Infaltion rampant
Output fall 20% of pre war levels by 1921- seere shortage raw materials
Kronstadt sailors ipposed despite origional supporters
Blockadeo f trade and less ukraisne worsen sitution
Coal production fall by 20 mill tonne 1914-1920
Nep key features
1921-24
Grain requisition abolished- replaced by tax in kind- pepasants have to give over proportion of grain to state (Sell aborad))- less than what taken in requisistion- could sell surplus on open market- partial capitalism
Ban on private rtade removed- food and goods flow more easily from countryside and towns- privatley owned shops reintroduced
Money economy back and increase rouble valyue
Small business repone- under pirvate ownership allowd to make profit
Inc small workshops and factories made goods such as shoes nails clothes
Lenin relaised peasants wouldnt produce grain unless goods they wanted on sale
State control of heavy infustry
Coal steel oil
Retain control of transport and bnking susetm
Industry organised intro trusts that had to buy mateerials and pay their workers with own budget
If failed to manage their budget fficiently could not expect state to bail them out
Sucess nep= economic and increased prosperity
Private business repoen and profit incentive reintroidcued
Production all ssections of economy increased- some not far off pre 1913 levels
Grain harvest 76.8mill 1926 comp to 80mill 1913 tonnes
Coal 27.4 miill 1920 comp 1913 29 mill
Impressive considering b-l
Workers paid real wages 1927
Rural famileis better fed, standard of living increase, klak emerged
Advanceed methods used in farming
Crop rotation on 20%-, chemical fertiliser
Electrical output almost doubeld - supplied to many villlages and hospitals
Gosplan- state general planning comm- established- manage nep with vzenksha
Increase international trade and production- grain sold
Success nep= sense of stability
Banning of grain requisition peleased rural comm
Decreased armed rebellion against state
Urban workers provided wiuth suppiles and wokr
Party unified as loywalty nep provided= 10th conference- ban on factions 1921
New soviet bank established oct 1921
- balanced the budget
Reformed currency- reoubles curency by 1924
New labour code- 8hr day, 2s annual leave, increased pay for increased producation
Failre of nep
Famine continued until 1922- nep not show immediatley
Railway in por condition- hf broken down- gov sought to increase by spending evious foreign currency on them
By 1926-27- surpass 1913 levels
Heavy industry took longer to recover
Unemployed 16% 1923, same as iin 1927
Scissor crisis- trsotsky- agricultural prices falll as industrical prices increase0 eventually peasants stopped releasing grain quota as had enought to live and maek profit on- eventualy stopped buying manufactured goods
Urban worker stilll dependant on private agriculture- rations not enough
Temporary emasures- free entreprise- disised by many in party as morally worng- not scialist- lead to ban on factions
Did liberlaism of the econonomy lead to political liberalism
Loa- no
Political rivalry
Press freedoms
Peasants revolts
Secret police
Church
Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- political rivalry
Pressureo n sr and rivals intensified
Bol arrest 5,000 men 1921- c-r activity
Comm round up accused sr and held show trials - seemingly democratic, biased trial
34 leaders condemned as terrorist, 11 execueted
Mens ans srs out of parliament
Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- press freedoms
By 1922- doxens of writers and scholars deported
Efforts made to consume intelligensia that cric gov
Pre-publication censorhsip in gaulit- admin for affairs of lit and publishing
Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- peasants revolts
Tambov region swamped with red army 1922
Whole villages destroyed
Villages who rsupported with reds rewarded with salt - expensive and needed for food preservation, diff to get hold of
Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- secret police
Cheka renamed gpu 1922
Secret police grew in importance during nep
Arbitrary imprisonment an death penalty after 1920
Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- church
Ferocious attacks on church- seen as nod to power and link to tsarism
Union of militant godless 1921 established
1922- orders to strip chhurches of al items
Death penalty handed to leaders of russian oryhodox
Thousands imprisoned
How did civil war lead to less democratic system
Changes to support base
Discussion and debate
Party structure
Ends justify means
Membership
How did civil war lead to less democratic system- changes to support base
Party lost support base in proletariat workforce
Early suporters-urban workers and soldiers had faught, some ied, some join party bureacracy
1919- 39% party memebrs in army- other work in offices not factories
Party start to focus to consolidate positions of members
How did civil war lead to less democratic system- discussion and debate
1921- ban on factions- kiling democracy- decision in politburo, no longer debated, united front
Politburo met frequently
1918 onwards rling by decree and fear- need for party unity in face of destruction
Priority of survival prompted abandonment of debate
How did civil war lead to less democratic system- party structure
Party too heirachical
To become member of soiet must be menber of party
Introduction of politburo- 1919 to look oer decisions made from central comm
Orders passed out of centre- cntral comm
Restructure led to power in teh hands of teh few
