Topic 2- Bolshevik Consolidation- 1918-24

Question 1

How did lenin secure a one party state

Answer 1

B intervention and sabotage preparations and closre of constituent assembly
Terror
Religion
Concessions
End involvements ww1
Itroduction of 1918 constitution

Question 2

Constituent assembly polling and results

Answer 2

Kadest= better than expected
Bolshevik- minority
Sr- majoirty- 370/717

Women could vote
B had frequently attacked pg on the constuent assembly, took long time to gather votes- vast distance

Question 3

B intervention- how did lenin secure one party state

Answer 3

20 nov- sovnarkom announced delay to its official opening- appintd b dzerzhinsky- future head of heeka
Blame bourgeois- bread shortage- cheka estblished

Question 4

Sabotage preparations- leenin secure one party state

Answer 4

Due to open 3th jan- too great risk
B question results and demand rfresh elections
Claim rights to recall indiviual deputies
Clearer sins-intend sabtogaue ca

Question 5

Opening of ca

Answer 5

Designed sverdlov to speak in his stead to open proceedings- demand ca recognised all rissia soviet as the supreme power
Right sr leader- elected chairman of ca
Speech avoided any acknowlegdemnt of sverdlov instead of ar soveit over constituent a

Question 6

Suspension and closure- ca

Answer 6

Lenin no intention of taking power for himself
One b douties announced ca counter rev
By refusing to acknoweldge supremacy of all rusia soveit
B left hall, followed left srs
Sailors surround deputies call counter rev
Deputy proposed around until 5pm- passed, close

Question 7

Terror- ca

Answer 7

23 mil rev comm- arrest 3 elected commissars
Kadet leaders in peter and paul fortress
8 jan- insist death penalty for counter rev agitators and bourgeois who resisted and avoid compulseryy labour- soon increased for thosse who break curfew

Question 8

Religion- one party state

Answer 8

R secular state- gov no support orthodox church
R adoption of gregorian calender made to bring r in line with rest of europe

Question 9

Concessions- one party state

Answer 9

Abolition of private land ownership- socialissation of land
Blunted appeal of sr in countrydside
Workers increase rights major cituies- blunt prospect of future proett nd rev

Question 10

End involvement in ww1- how lenein secure one party state

Answer 10

Decree on peace achieved increase support
Although brest litovsk shameful

Question 11

Introduction of 118 constitution- lenin secure one party ststae

Answer 11

Temporary hole on finances
Tasnistinoal dictatorship
Sovnarkom as key body- centralist- over soviet body
Any counter rev can be arrested

Question 12

State capitalism

Answer 12

Mixed economy, halfway house bwteen private wealth and socialism
Major companies and industry remain in private hands but under state control
Factories and manufacturing managed by vesenkha
Worers comm replaced by managers in factories and heavy infustries- production over to proletariat
Rurlal lands not fully nationalised, granted to the peasants who farmed them
Nationalisation of banks and railways

Question 13

Sucess of economic policu

Answer 13

Steadily managed transistion towards socialism0- lenin insist gradual
Decree on land (oct 1917) ensure peasants had incentive to prdocue grain
Decree on workers control- ‘responsbility of the state for.. teh protection of property’
Infrastructure allowed for greater state control
Vesenkha estabisshed to regualte economic life

Question 14

Failures- state capitalism

Answer 14

Limited resources- famine
Opposition
Czech legion 1918
Junker mutinu
Workers committess- poor control- increaseo wn wages, no regulation, black market,
B outraged with comprpomise with old capitalist system

Question 15

War communism

Answer 15

1918-21
Reversing many of concessions madde bfoe
Remilitarise intensity of soldiers- more iscipliene
Control over wokrers- managers- sueprvisers, internal passports
Increase intensity of cheka- fear installed, martial alw
Overall aim using civil war for b
Coal, iron, steel nationalised
Increase grain requisitions
Private trade banned

Question 16

Sucess war comm

Answer 16

Helped to decreasep eople leaving urban areas
Increase control of factories
Class warfare- rations based on indivdual in society and their contribution
Urban workers and red army- most
Bonuses reintrodiced as icentive
Won teh b the civil war
Urban areas fed
Currency collapsed, dependanty upon work- rations repaced work
Gave excise to take power- link wit hwar
Some welcome this cange-f actories stay open

Question 17

War comm- failures

Answer 17

Grain requisition- removed incentive for peasants to work- kulaks persecuted
Tambo rgion 1920s ungovernmeable- 118 peasant uprising in feb 192 1alone
Value rouble collapsed
Black market developed- bag men
Cheka raisded trains
Liimted goods to ration
Infaltion rampant
Output fall 20% of pre war levels by 1921- seere shortage raw materials
Kronstadt sailors ipposed despite origional supporters
Blockadeo f trade and less ukraisne worsen sitution
Coal production fall by 20 mill tonne 1914-1920

Question 18

Nep key features

Answer 18

1921-24
Grain requisition abolished- replaced by tax in kind- pepasants have to give over proportion of grain to state (Sell aborad))- less than what taken in requisistion- could sell surplus on open market- partial capitalism
Ban on private rtade removed- food and goods flow more easily from countryside and towns- privatley owned shops reintroduced
Money economy back and increase rouble valyue
Small business repone- under pirvate ownership allowd to make profit
Inc small workshops and factories made goods such as shoes nails clothes
Lenin relaised peasants wouldnt produce grain unless goods they wanted on sale
State control of heavy infustry
Coal steel oil
Retain control of transport and bnking susetm
Industry organised intro trusts that had to buy mateerials and pay their workers with own budget
If failed to manage their budget fficiently could not expect state to bail them out

Question 19

Sucess nep= economic and increased prosperity

Answer 19

Private business repoen and profit incentive reintroidcued
Production all ssections of economy increased- some not far off pre 1913 levels
Grain harvest 76.8mill 1926 comp to 80mill 1913 tonnes
Coal 27.4 miill 1920 comp 1913 29 mill
Impressive considering b-l
Workers paid real wages 1927
Rural famileis better fed, standard of living increase, klak emerged
Advanceed methods used in farming
Crop rotation on 20%-, chemical fertiliser
Electrical output almost doubeld - supplied to many villlages and hospitals
Gosplan- state general planning comm- established- manage nep with vzenksha
Increase international trade and production- grain sold

Question 20

Success nep= sense of stability

Answer 20

Banning of grain requisition peleased rural comm
Decreased armed rebellion against state
Urban workers provided wiuth suppiles and wokr
Party unified as loywalty nep provided= 10th conference- ban on factions 1921
New soviet bank established oct 1921
- balanced the budget
Reformed currency- reoubles curency by 1924
New labour code- 8hr day, 2s annual leave, increased pay for increased producation

Question 21

Failre of nep

Answer 21

Famine continued until 1922- nep not show immediatley
Railway in por condition- hf broken down- gov sought to increase by spending evious foreign currency on them
By 1926-27- surpass 1913 levels
Heavy industry took longer to recover
Unemployed 16% 1923, same as iin 1927
Scissor crisis- trsotsky- agricultural prices falll as industrical prices increase0 eventually peasants stopped releasing grain quota as had enought to live and maek profit on- eventualy stopped buying manufactured goods
Urban worker stilll dependant on private agriculture- rations not enough
Temporary emasures- free entreprise- disised by many in party as morally worng- not scialist- lead to ban on factions

Question 22

Did liberlaism of the econonomy lead to political liberalism

Answer 22

Loa- no

Political rivalry
Press freedoms
Peasants revolts
Secret police
Church

Question 23

Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- political rivalry

Answer 23

Pressureo n sr and rivals intensified
Bol arrest 5,000 men 1921- c-r activity
Comm round up accused sr and held show trials - seemingly democratic, biased trial
34 leaders condemned as terrorist, 11 execueted
Mens ans srs out of parliament

Question 24

Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- press freedoms

Answer 24

By 1922- doxens of writers and scholars deported
Efforts made to consume intelligensia that cric gov
Pre-publication censorhsip in gaulit- admin for affairs of lit and publishing

Question 25

Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- peasants revolts

Answer 25

Tambov region swamped with red army 1922 Whole villages destroyed Villages who rsupported with reds rewarded with salt - expensive and needed for food preservation, diff to get hold of

Question 26

Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- secret police

Answer 26

Cheka renamed gpu 1922 Secret police grew in importance during nep Arbitrary imprisonment an death penalty after 1920

Question 27

Did liberalism of the economy lead to political liberlaism- church

Answer 27

Ferocious attacks on church- seen as nod to power and link to tsarism Union of militant godless 1921 established 1922- orders to strip chhurches of al items Death penalty handed to leaders of russian oryhodox Thousands imprisoned

Question 28

How did civil war lead to less democratic system

Answer 28

Changes to support base Discussion and debate Party structure Ends justify means Membership

Question 29

How did civil war lead to less democratic system- changes to support base

Answer 29

Party lost support base in proletariat workforce Early suporters-urban workers and soldiers had faught, some ied, some join party bureacracy 1919- 39% party memebrs in army- other work in offices not factories Party start to focus to consolidate positions of members

Question 30

How did civil war lead to less democratic system- discussion and debate

Answer 30

1921- ban on factions- kiling democracy- decision in politburo, no longer debated, united front Politburo met frequently 1918 onwards rling by decree and fear- need for party unity in face of destruction Priority of survival prompted abandonment of debate

Question 31

How did civil war lead to less democratic system- party structure

Answer 31

Party too heirachical To become member of soiet must be menber of party Introduction of politburo- 1919 to look oer decisions made from central comm Orders passed out of centre- cntral comm Restructure led to power in teh hands of teh few

Question 32

How did civil war lead to less democratic system- ends justify means

Answer 32

Rank and file accept that cenrtalism needed to allieveiate problem/conflict bought about by civil war Red army military discipline had taught many members obedience Gpu and heightened censorship and increaed control- spread fear Cvil war becane comradeship- members used to pattern of command and control Command becomes norm over consultation

Question 33

How did civil war lead to less democratic system- membership

Answer 33

Nomenklatura ensure gov positions well party membership- sycophanst By 1919- party usurged by underestimated new members- 1920-22- many peasant backgroundq

Question 34

Had comm party centralised power 1917-21

Answer 34

Collapse of industry Lack peasant cooperation Struggle to win ciil war Political repression

Question 35

Had comm party centralised power 1917-21 - collapse of industry

Answer 35

War comm- nationalisation of industry- geographical centre under b control- inc munitions factory Ban private trade Reintroduce supervisors and managers to instil discipline and contrl

Question 36

Had comm party centralised power 1917-21 - lack of peasant cooperation

Answer 36

Concessions not worked- not revolt after 1922 minimal peasants revolt Increased force- cheka, tambov region floog poisen gas, 118 peasant revolts Diff group diff demands0 nationalisation Whites- underestimate them- peasant desertion Peasants could hold countr hostage with grain requisition Salt as reward

Question 37

Had comm party centralised power 1917-21 - struggle to win civil war

Answer 37

Strength red army- trosky , chka, imperial army Won against denekin and kolchak Civil war justification fro war comm, increase cesnorship, become a dictatorship, sovnorkom ‘all power to the sovets’

Question 38

Political repression

Answer 38

Red trror- kaplan- labour conc camps Decree on press- all apart b press banned Other party enermy- threat to ideologue lenin- reason for persecution One party- only b- minimpal opp

Question 39

Consolidation of power- pragmatism and survival

Answer 39

Nep from war comm- appease, recoevr economy through private industry Exit from wwi- treaty bl Early supporters- urban worker and solder, had faught some died, some party beuracracy Iplemntation of war comm during ww1- grain requisition, keep soldier fed Nationalisation ‘communist’ economy in bans, heavy industry, railways ‘Releasing’ national minority from empire- reduce no oppositions Incentives- salt to peasants- attract support Decree on land, workers, peace- sovnarkom Politicisation of soveits=

Question 40

Consolidation of power- ruthless methods

Answer 40

Red terror 1918- kalpan Tambov region- gassed- red army 1921 Introduced labour and conc camps for politcial prisoner Gpu and hightened censirhsip and increaasse control to spread far Arbitrary arrest, deportation, execution- under cheka and gpu- icrease fear, increase compromise of commp arty Class warfare- scapegoa- remove undesirable oponents International enemy removed and internal Show trials- excuse/visable removal of opp Murder of romanov Increase politcial represison with nep Press limitations

Question 41

Consolidation of power - staying in political control

Answer 41

More centralised control- introduction of politburo 1919- took over decision making from central comm Ban on factions 1921- halt democracy- decide at politburo- no longer debatable- united front 1919- 39% party ina rmy- others in offices not factory Increase nomenklatua 5,500 new positions open up for sycophants Propaganda and censorship- provided - izveskha if kut Indoctrination of youth Won cibil war- victory against whites and others=- leaders trotsky and lenin Explicit eweakness and mistakes of rivals Pslit left and right srs All russia loss of power Union of militant godless- tackling culture

Question 42

Strnegth lenin and commp arty by apr 1921

Answer 42

Found solution to crisis faced Kronsstadt uprising, tambov- gas, kill kolchak, overrule denkin and yudenich Romanov killed Lack legit precedents- opp remoeved, ca dissolved, not roanovs White and green black defeated Leadership clear in army- trostky Control of raiways and key indstries- ammunitions factories, steel , coal , iron International situation ‘stark’

Question 43

Strengt6h lenin and commp arty by apr 1921- weakness

Answer 43

Discontent- war comm not stopped when war over Econ problems faced food shortages- rouble lost 96% value B-l harsh- lost valuable agriculture ukraine- humiliation Atrocity of kronstadt- dictatorship exposed, lost support from og Unity withiin party threaten- workers oppp Failure of permenant rev- eg spartacists Trimming of empire Famine- required us relief

Question 44

Civil war- why did the reds win

Answer 44

Red strnegth Red army more united Control Terror Strong propaganda and ideology White weakness Disunity Misinterpreted and unexpected Brutality Old tsarist order

Question 45

Why did the reds win civil war- red strngth- red army more united

Answer 45

Under trotsky strict discipline reintroduced Could fight against kolchak offensive, yudenich assult and denekin eventually Crimea gained back control of

Question 46

Why did reds win civil war- red strength- control

Answer 46

Contro densest raliways- compared to t-s railway under control czech legion, important for transporting workers and soldiers Control of urban areas, petrograd and moscow- political centres- morre valuable, more economy

Question 47

Why did the reds win civil war- red strength- terror

Answer 47

Cheka and reactions to sr attempt on linein life- red toerror Could imporve strength

Question 48

Why did reds win- red strength- civil war- strong propaganda and ideology

Answer 48

Still for peasants more ideol9ogically similar Igniting class warfare Concessions made- factory, land War comm- grant of rights workers and others. Promiise of something to come once won

Question 49

why did red win civil war- white weakness- disunity

Answer 49

Linked up with omsk gov run by rightists (former tsarist officers and monarchists)- favour military dictatorship Cuase split between socialist, lib Officers coup and rarrest srs Award kolchak supreme ruler Kolchack and 100s sr arrested and many executed Srs stage revot against him and undermine rest of his campaign and his defeat

Question 50

Why did red win civil war- misinterpretation and unexpected

Answer 50

Souhtern volunteer army assemble in don Don cossak wanted indepenace for whoel region But sva reluctant to go further than removing rev Denekin no conessions to sepratists and kadets

Question 51

why did rd win civil war- white weakness- brutality

Answer 51

Agonised peasants- cossaks in southern army esp Ethnic cleanising- 10,000 non-cossak peasnats- r and ukraine Loot rape and pillage and anti-jewish pogroms Peasants faced conscription in white controleld regions- but many deserted Denekin helped landonwers recover their estates

Question 52

Why did reds win civil war- white weakness- old tsarist order

Answer 52

Many rightists preteneded wanted free elections and democracy but really wanted back to pre-rev- military dictatorship Kadets and rightists wanetd old empire back- no concessions to national minorities and little acknowlegdeemnet of peasant rev

Question 53

How effective was lenin foriegn policu 1917-24 dealing with nationality q

Answer 53

Before oct rev- lenin claimed sympathetic for indepdnencce Finland granted full indepndence Ukraine comm regime by force- lenin claim culture respected Azerbajan littel resistance red army 1920 Armenia- conflict with turkey- uus intercept, accept soviet gov protect against turkey Georgia - 1920 indepndancy, red army coup Appear more united front, expand sphere influence- but could cause anger

Question 54

How effective was lenin foriegn policy 1917-24- cominetern

Answer 54

Lenin and trotsky theoory of perment rev Germany next candidate0 support sparticists 1919 belakim set up soveit republic in budapest- short lived Centralised control, mational soveriegnty of fussr top priority Failyure poland fought against red army Created negative relations with vest esp zinoveiv letter

Question 55

How effective lenin foriegn policu- ending isolation from west

Answer 55

3rd cominetern congress june 1921- denounce any further attempt at armed urpsinng Britain one fo first countries to resume diplomatic relations with russia in 1921 Later 1921 russia agree pay back some loans which tsarist gov against before 1917 1922 genoa conference- unsufcessful comm accept equal among eurpean states- br fr gr italy Rapallo- r support g with grain in return mahinery, r allow germany planes to train breaking tov Britain increasingly suspicious- genral stike, breakdonw relations 1927 Locarno ger accept west boarder ger not east

Question 56

Lenin intervention- apr thesis

Answer 56

Broke down complex ideology for rev to be more manageable Calling armed urpisning, no pg- dual authority onot working- pg undemocratic unelected All russia congress of soviets- aor thesis calls ofr all power to soviets- support proletariat, order no 1 alll power to the soviets Forced urpisng despite opposition in party Clear focus unlike other socialist pwers- decisive

Question 57

Lenin intervention- oct uprising

Answer 57

Lenin push armed urpisng Convinces central comm 10v2- kamanev zonoviev V likely without him b not in power Opportunistic- red gaurd armed- lenin calim all russia congress take responsibility will of pwople

Question 58

Lenin intervention- socialist coalition

Answer 58

Men and sr walked out- bol only party Resisted calling socialist coalition which was called for by many b Lenin crushed ca- legit gov elected by russians

Question 59

Lenin intervention bl and red army

Answer 59

Pushed signing treaty depsite opp from left comm- realised needed peace to survive Trostky warning to refuse- no war, no peace Bukharin cant war until rev Lenin accepted bl later 3 months much harsher Removing democratisation of red army- trostky

Question 60

Lenin intervention- nep

Answer 60

Reintroduce capitalist elements increasing support b as econ If situation doesnt increaasw opp, tambov 118 uprising kronstad Ban on factions Rehabiitating rapallo War comm- institute fear help within civil war

Question 61

Use of trains

Answer 61

Trotsky travel around country as great orator rally people to suport bolsherviks Captured troops fight b or shot Protect from international foriegn powers- no fighting iwth whites

Question 62

How kiling tsar sognfi

Answer 62

Could have become figurehead for opposition- so moved around country T wanted put on trail but lenin refuse as too much press power

Question 63

Fear of outside

Answer 63

Permenant soviet fear of ‘capitalist encirclement’ which had elements of paranoia and xenophobia fitzpatrick

Question 64

Positivity in civil war

Answer 64

Cohort that joined the party during the civil war Party was a fighting brothwerhood in the most literal sense Comm served in red army had bought military jargon into the language of party politics

Question 65

Split in party over peace w ger

Answer 65

Bukharin advocated a rev war of guerilla resistance to ger invaders Kenin forced decision through bol central comm by threatening to resign

Question 66

British role in civil war

Answer 66

Landed troops at two northern ports- arkhangelsk and murmansk- to fight the ger but in fact also w intention of supporting local opposition to new soviet regimme

Question 67

Usa and japan civil war

Answer 67

Sent troops to siberia Japan hope territorial gains Americans to restrian japanese, police ts railway and perhaps support kolchak siberian gov if it measured up to american democratic standards

Question 68

Flaw in nationalisation

Answer 68

By autunm of 1919 estimated over 80% of enterprises had been nationalised Exceeded organizational capacities of new supreme eocnomic council- so if not organising supply of raw materials themselves, plants close down

Question 69

Orphaned children

Answer 69

From war and famine Bol saw as good thing Could give children true colelctivist upringing in orphanages Not be influenced by bourgois old familu

Question 70

Population shift

Answer 70

Deaths from famine and epidemics in 1921-2 exceed the combined total of casualties in ww1 and civil war Emigration 2 million people during the eyars of rev and war removed much of russias educated elite

Question 71

Ukraine revolt

Answer 71

Peasant army headed by nester makhno fight bol

Question 72

Worsening living standards under nep- changes made

Answer 72

Servcies like schools and medical care, previously free now paid for by individ user Access restricted by put unemp benefits and old age pensions sickness beneifts on contributory basis

Question 73

Removal of srs from society

Answer 73

1922 a group of rights srs put on public trial for crimes aainst the state Some given seath centences

Question 74

Ban on factions intended to be

Answer 74

Temporary accoridng to lenin

Question 75

Bourgois experts needed

Answer 75

If opposed, lenin said was guilty of committing conceit- an ignorant anc childish belief that communists could solve all the problems for themselves

Question 76

Lenin on proletarian dictatorhsip

Answer 76

The workrs ‘would like to build a better apparatus for us’ ‘but they know not how’

Question 77

Cheka growth

Answer 77

1918-1921- employees increased from 120 to 143,000

Question 78

Triggering of red terror

Answer 78

Lenin attempt on life Murder ger ambassor Nmurde rpetrograde chair

Question 79

Loss from bl

Answer 79

1/3 arable land, 1/4 coal mines From baltic states and ukraine