Topic 4- Economy And Society- 1929-41

Question 1

Was nep working- yes peasants

Answer 1

Grainsupply increase
Fear of famine fall

Question 2

Was nep working by 1927 no peassnts

Answer 2

Graini production still hold country hostage
Wooden ploughs- backwards- 5 mill still in use by 1927 failure to modernise
Land holdings smaller than before 1911- large estates suplying cities had disappeared
Relationship between peasants and city deterioriated since civil war0 see worse tambov 118 feb
Peasants not producting q needed for industrial exapnsion- 1913 exported 12 mill tonees, best year nep never morethan 3 mill tonnes
Debastating inpact foriegn trade 1926-27 exports 33% 1913
Poor harvest 1927 starvating in cities
Had to sell grain cheaply to gov- have to sell more to make up costs- but no consumer goods so litle point

Question 3

Nep working for workers yes

Answer 3

Better off than before rev- wages had 2.6x 1920-26
8hr working fay
Workers had a role in state within factories with local tu member running factories alongside specialist directions

Question 4

Nep not working for workers by 1927

Answer 4

Real wage only just passed 1913 levels by 1928
High unemp throughout nep
Gap between workers and higehr society evident and complained about bitterly
High food prices increased scarcity
Paid less than specialits or officers
Women suffered forecd out of jobs when red army mobalised large no unemployed and unsupported on streets
Housing problem overcrowding - smolensk 1929 6-7 live in one room
Crime increased in cities

Question 5

Kolkhoz

Answer 5

Most common form of collectivised farm
All land held in common and run by elected comm
50-100 households put together
All land, tools , livestock has to be pooled
Under direction of the comm, formed as single unit
Each household maintain a private plot of one acre

Question 6

Mts

Answer 6

Machine tractor stations
2500 mts established to support collectivisation- hand out machinery
Peasants hand over 20% produce for this service
Ogpu in control so could decide who awarded

Question 7

How was collectivisation carried out in ussr 1928-41

Answer 7

Emergency measures
Urals siberian method
Forced collectivisation
Dekulakisation
Peasant opp
Party retreats
Continued collectivisation
Famine 1932-34
Consolidation

Question 8

Collectivisation- emergency measures j

Answer 8

Jan 1928 politburo voted unanimously for emergency measures to introduce urals siberian mechanism
Cohen pivotal event-
Rationing in city- scissor crisis
Disincentive

Question 9

Urals siberian method

Answer 9

Summer 1928
Over 100,000 party workers, komsomol members and factory wokrers went out and dived into countryside to help peasants with harvest- revive smyka
Will use as opp to find kulaks hoards grain- 25% reward for finding
Prodcued more but not permant growth

Question 10

Forced collectivisation

Answer 10

Jan 1929
Stalin call collectivisation of all grain producing areas by aug 1930
Almost 60% all farms cllectivised
If opposed branded kulak

Question 11

Dekulakisation

Answer 11

Targets set for dekulakisation in eah area
Peasantry encouraged to denaounce kulaks in village
Over 1 mill kulaks farmers affected by this policu
Comm propaganda increased class hatred
Up to 10 mill people deported to siberia or labour camps by end of process
But v diff identify kulaks and imbedded in communit

Question 12

Peasant opp to collectivisation

Answer 12

Attack on churches often accompnied by youngester league militant godless
Many peasants ate slaughtered or sold animals rather than handing over

Question 13

Party retreats collectivisation

Answer 13

Stalin pravda- dizzy with sucess- workers too enthusastic and forced pace- mar 1930
Return of unjustly brandihsed kulaks
Critic for collectivisation

Question 14

Return to collectivisation

Answer 14

Once grani collected after good harvest 1930 started agin
By 191 less 50% kolkhoz increased to 100 by 1939- peasabts keep small areas of land
Ny times durranty- collectivisation may now be said to have been established on a solid foundation with enormous rewards to russian contribution

Question 15

Famine 1932-34

Answer 15

Poor weather and increased demand urban pop 28 to 40 mill 1930-32
Grain less left peasantry 60 to 40 mil tonne 1928-31
Estimated 4.5mill died holodomour

Question 16

Consolidation collectivisation

Answer 16

1939 announced all farms collectivised
Formally legalised small plost 1/2 hectare or less per household
Internal passport and pontemkin vilalges to westerners

Question 17

Impact collectivisation- poliical

Answer 17

Grain procurement increased crushing peasangs- holding hostage
Hit esp ukrain nationalists
Kulak eliminated but most skilled
Stalin personal power consolllidated by mid 1930s
Alienated right and left with great turn

Question 18

Impact collectivisation -social

Answer 18

Aim destroy kulaks and spirit
League militent godless
Internal passports ogpu in mts and on trains- cities cant see starvation
West largely niave- pontemkin village
Many felt betrayed by comm policu
Devestated with high deaths 5mill

Question 19

Impact collectivisation- econ

Answer 19

Increased grain production for export and cities
Not caused as dont increase grain procurement
Mts 2500 not enough
Quotas increase despitye social impact
Liquidation kulaks lose knoweldge an dexperience
Agricultural procuremet lukewarm until 1950s
Famine esp ukraine
Process rapid industrialistion

Question 20

Law of spikelets

Answer 20

Seven eights law inytroduced hard punishment for those supsected stealing collective property

1932-40 180,000 convicted, 10 y imprisonment

Question 21

5 y plans how organised

Answer 21

Centrally planned state deciding what and where produced
Set broad directives easily adapted
Target backed by law failed to meet target could be treated as a criminal offence
Peopele cpmissariats- gov dpt- 4 by 1934- food, light, heavy
Gosplan state planning com by 1921
Regional admin- local outputs recivee info targets

Question 22

5y plans looked like

Answer 22

Declared year ahead schedule
Hige industrial cities constructed magnitogorsk urals
Huge projetcs gigantomania- dnieprostroi dam- increased soveit power output x5

Question 23

Foriegn support 5y plans

Answer 23

Large no companies sent specialists engineers and skilled workers to enact new factories and exploit new resources- ford automodtive industry
Colonel hugh- heloed byuld dam
A kucksiger asbestos industry in remote place in urals called aspbestos

Question 24

Aims first 5y plan

Answer 24

1928-32
Heavy indsurty- coal iron steel oil machinery
Boost electricity x6
Light industry chemicals

Question 25

Sucess first 5y plns

Answer 25

Electricty x3 Coal and iron x2 Magnitogrosk huge project New tractor works stalingrad

Question 26

Setback 1st

Answer 26

Little consumer industry Lacked skilled worjers Lack of transport bottlenecks Targets not met Nomadic gypsy camp

Question 27

Polciies used first

Answer 27

Gosplan Vesenkha targets After 1930-criminals more than 3y to lab camps Wage diferenytaisl 1931 Shock brigade- efforts to build lots dams

Question 28

Impacts class first 3 5y plans

Answer 28

Social class workers Proletariat

Question 29

Overall judgement 1st

Answer 29

Kick started the econ But many weakness and setbacks Especially lack transport and skileld owkrers

Question 30

Second 5y plan aims

Answer 30

1933-37 Rail road water networks transport Consumer goods to a degree Consolidation

Question 31

2nd sucess

Answer 31

Became virtually self sufficient in machinery making and metal works Transport links increased Chemical indsutry increase Increased focus consumer goods- food processes, good workers Moscow metro opened Coal amd electricity x2

Question 32

Second 5y plan setbacks

Answer 32

Waste over producing Lack consumer goods indusrty Oil production targets missed, even though reduced

Question 33

Nd policies used

Answer 33

Great ppurges increased forced labour Stakhanovites idealised owkrers- pravda coined term stakhanovite movement Recordmania

Question 34

Overall judgement second

Answer 34

More sucessful with self sufficient Increased transport links longer term benefit Start consumer goods

Question 35

3rd 5y plan aims

Answer 35

1935-31 War readiness heavy industry armaments

Question 36

Sucess 3rd

Answer 36

Increased leisure 1939- 30,000 xitizens ussr sports facilities public gardens Increased schools almost 200,000 across ussr by 1940 Increased copper output 60%

Question 37

Setbacks 3rd

Answer 37

Econ slowdown Lack of planning- skill and lost great purges Decreased maternity leave and free education Fuel crisis

Question 38

3rd policies used

Answer 38

Internal passports 1938 and labour books 1940 absenteeism became a crime Stakhovites

Question 39

Overall judgement 3rd

Answer 39

Worsening for individ in terms of freeodm but increased liesure and some increase education Econ slowdown less sucessful

Question 40

Forced labour

Answer 40

300,000 prisoner worked on belamor baltic white sea- many kulaks arrested in ocllectivisation After 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3y sent to labour camps Gov decreed ghese camps should be self supporting Labour camps set up in forests of frozen north and timber production was exportied to help econ - money for industrial investment Forced lab increased great purges mid 1934 Cheap lab

Question 41

Stakhanovites

Answer 41

Worker who produced x16 normal output of coal- got masive bonus of almost x7 mormal Pravda coined term stakhanovite movement Nov0stalin called for stakhonovism to spread ‘widely and deeply’ across ussr New movement as way of convincing management to adopt new production methods, icnreased rates production

Question 42

Shakhty trial

Answer 42

1928 55 engineers and managers in shakhty in n caucuas arrested and accused conspiring with former owners of coal mines- sabotage soviet econ Targeted bourgois creating fear- foriegners scapegoters for future- iincreased political control Counter rev activism- catch all term Propaganda pravda used the ones to denounce bourgous Managers connected to bolshevism weakened him by removing them stailn only credible leader

Question 43

Magnitogorsk

Answer 43

Great steel plant 150,000 people live Built 1929-34 Schools for evryone Although mid 1930s still had 17.5% living in mud huts

Question 44

Approach to arts and culture lenin

Answer 44

Lunacharsky moveaway higha rts and towards popular culture Established commisar of pop entertainment

Question 45

Stalin approach culture

Answer 45

Hark back 19th century realism

Question 46

Art under lenin

Answer 46

Bogdanov wanted to make art an response to peole of working class and encourage mass participation- Lenin opposed futureism Artisitic freedom enocuraged Agitprop art class wardare Revolt by futurist such as malevich

Question 47

Art under stalin

Answer 47

Modernism replaced with realism All painters and artists required to join th eunion of artists and porduce work which adheres to doctrine of socialist realism

Question 48

Music lenin

Answer 48

Rev anthems- internationale and marseilles Classical composers such as mozart and bethoven popular on rev celebration

Question 49

Stalin music

Answer 49

Return glinka and tsaicovsky Shostakonvich and prokofiev stalin praise and trade values

Question 50

Lenin lit

Answer 50

Saw dickens as middle class sentiment Rev shattered golden age of tolstoy checkhov We dystopian Lit tool of stae pravda

Question 51

Stalin lit

Answer 51

Tool propaganda- pravda and trostly All writers member of russian association of proletarian writers controlled stalin support- zhadanov Siome optimism- ostrovsky- hohw the steel was tempered

Question 52

Film lenin

Answer 52

Shortages of film and equipment made producing film diff during civil war Proletkins produced filsm early 1920s in line bol balues Einstein racical unmanageable form adn styel ie batteship pontempkin 1925

Question 53

Stalin film

Answer 53

Einstein fell out of favour 1928 returned before conflict w alexander nevsky 1938 commsioned by stalin himself Socialist realism- simple story and plot Holywood pop and allowed if idndt clash socilaist ideals

Question 54

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s

Answer 54

Fear Econ personal finance Society incentive

Question 55

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s fear= yes

Answer 55

Politburo agree policy dekulakisation 1930 1936 great pruges begin target managers, technical specialists Absentism 1940 criminal offence

Question 56

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s fear no

Answer 56

Stakanovite movement inspiration- used as propaganda tool Trainng programmes- esp 2nd Many young b do what want

Question 57

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ/personal finacne- yes

Answer 57

1937 av real wages 3/5 1928 levels 1932 poor harvest ukraine desipte quotas decrease 14% 1933 av married moscow worker consume less than half bread did in 1900s High turnover labour- coal industry 1930 x3/yr

Question 58

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ personal finance- no

Answer 58

Egalitarianism in wages abandoned- increasing incentive opportunities Around 13,500 new bread shipes opened 1934 Rations ended 1935 1931 klibyshev pay incentives new leader gosplan, piece payments paid to be more productive Manager allowed pay bonuses

Question 59

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive- yes

Answer 59

Allocated housing space in moscow 5.5 to 4sqm per person 1938 labour dooks and internal passports introduced 1935 maternity and free education fall

Question 60

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive no

Answer 60

Moscow metro opened 1938 30,000 cinemas opened ussr Opened sports facilities, public goods, parks of culture 1930- qll chilidren 8-11 must be in school increased no pupils 14 to 20 mill 1928-30

Question 61

Cult of personality develop 1924-29 origins

Answer 61

Lenin died, leadership race Leadership was using party as anynoymous colective body making joint decisioin- yet few party leaders appear After lenin death stalin increase media image , wanted to appear as had working man or moderation After his efforts in civil war and tsaritskin renamed stalingrad in 1920s Stalin is true lenin of todya- disciple At meeting central comm, congress recieved larger and longer applauds

Question 62

Cult undrway of personality 1929-33

Answer 62

1931 huge push marx engles lenin and stalin appear on speches ie oct rev and celebrations Priase heaped on stalin on his work with lenin and 1st year plan Needed strong leader with disruptive econ polcu Nursery walls with thank you stalkin for my happy childhood

Question 63

Cult of personality fullly established 1933-39

Answer 63

Ns pact 3rd and 4th 1935 onwards only speak stalin in glooowing terms- almost propehtic History of all union comm party stalin more present in oct rev- devoted to bolshevism- textbook that widely used 2 mill copied yb 1940 Statue of stalin at great soviet exhibition 1934 Portraits him as child teaching almost chrits like figure natural born leader

Question 64

Hieght of cult of perosnlaity post 1945

Answer 64

Won ww2 and defeat anazis enhanced his power Celebrate 70th brithday Picture him god like figure with lenin - sometimes appearing to tell lenin what to do Omnipresent image of stalin reminded the society he everywhere- he udnerstands your hopes and has your best interests at heart Prokofief 1939 song for 60th birthday ‘the name of stalin will protect us from harm

Question 65

How sucessful were the comm in modernisisng russian agriculture 1928-41

Answer 65

Collective farms Machinery and tech Grain requiisition De kulak

Question 66

Modernise russa- collective farms

Answer 66

Aim create rural proletariat Sucesssful wihtt comm- more efficinet to requisist 1939 stalin said fully collectivised 1937- called for ocllectvvised Durranty ny times pontemkin villlages Sustain with 1 acre land But hated so killed animals in protest

Question 67

Machinery and tech- comm modernise agriculture

Answer 67

Mts 2500 stations- not enough By 1932 144 tractors/day produced Aimed proletarinaise peasants- ogpu and nkvd in mts Crop rotation on 20% land in 1930s 1939 threshing mechanised 75%

Question 68

Grain requisition- comm modernise agriculture

Answer 68

Used exports- reducung amount left to peasanrts 60 mill tonnes to 40 Grain requsiition more than needd- political- famine 1932- 5 mill, 4.5 mill holodmour 1941 reach 19133 levels Urals siberian methods with kolkoz effective but labour intensive and unsustainable

Question 69

De-kulakisation- comm modernise

Answer 69

Pavlik morozov aspiration 10 mill in lab camps or siberia by 1941 Nkvd order 00447 term vague

Question 70

Nkvd order 00447 date

Answer 70

July 1937

Question 71

Great break

Answer 71

What stalin said pravda announcing first 5 y plan He meant ‘total breaking up of the old society and the feverish building of the new

Question 72

Figes on collectivization

Answer 72

Driven less by economiccs than by politics and a general mistrust of the peasantry

Question 73

Politiburo on kulaks

Answer 73

1 mill kulak households jan 1930

Question 74

Failure of gigantomania

Answer 74

Gulag project white sea canal- belomorkanal- employed 100,000 prisoners by 1932 But to save time and money depth of canal reduced from 22ft to just 12 Render useless for all bst shallow barges and passenger vesselss Prisoners basic hand tools instead of dynamite and machinery 25,000 prisoners died during first winter 1931-32 aloe

Question 75

Prosperity improving

Answer 75

By 1935- rationing was lifted- optimistic modd as shop windows fileld with goods Cameras gramaphones and radios mass produced for aspiring middle class Steady rise in production of luxury goods- perfumes, chocolate, cognac , caviar and soviet champaign- goods cheaper on holidays

Question 76

Model shopa

Answer 76

Former eliseev store renamed grocery no.1 on groky sstreet moscow 1934 Very few of these new luxuries actually affordable yet great media attention

Question 77

Womens lives worsen domestically

Answer 77

1923-34 working women spending 3x longer than men on ohhusehold chores by 1936 5x longer

Question 78

5y plan couldbe described as

Answer 78

Revoolutuion form above A war against russias backwardness

Question 79

Great war scare

Answer 79

1927 Widely believd in the party and country that a renewed military intervention by the capitalist powers wass iinent W britihs raid on soviet trade mison- arcos in london Nationalsit kuomintang attack on comm allies in china Assassination of a siviet diplomatic plenipotentiary in poland Led to increased grain holding, gpu intensifying Stalin concluded ‘everyone who arouses the slightest suspicion should be removed

Question 80

Main focus in first 5y plan

Answer 80

Everything was sacrificecd for metal Fitzpatrick

Question 81

Lack of use of efective methods in first 5y pan

Answer 81

New conveyor belts in ford often stood idle during first 5 year plan whilst constructed tractors handmade

Question 82

Dekuilakisation stalin statement

Answer 82

Kulaks must be ‘liquidated as a class

Question 83

Removal of any democratic forces in peasantry

Answer 83

Village mir abolished 1930 (mini parliament/gathering

Question 84

Historian stat on dekulakisation

Answer 84

1.5 mil people deported 1930-31 Russian historian vp danilov

Question 85

Hatred towards collectivaization

Answer 85

Peasants believed was a second serfdom

Question 86

Komsomol missions

Answer 86

‘Light cavalry’ riads disrupt work in government offices Cultural army- created primarily to fight illiteracy, almost suceeded in abolishing local education dpt which wasnot objective of party leadership on grounds bureaucratic

Question 87

Militants of raap action

Answer 87

Camapign against gorky at a time when stalin trying to persuade retuturn

Question 88

Slogan for first 5y plan

Answer 88

‘We are building a new world’ Forming the ‘new soviet man’