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8- Russian History > Topic 4- Economy And Society- 1929-41 > Flashcards

Topic 4- Economy And Society- 1929-41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Was nep working- yes peasants

A

Grainsupply increase
Fear of famine fall

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2
Q

Was nep working by 1927 no peassnts

A

Graini production still hold country hostage
Wooden ploughs- backwards- 5 mill still in use by 1927 failure to modernise
Land holdings smaller than before 1911- large estates suplying cities had disappeared
Relationship between peasants and city deterioriated since civil war0 see worse tambov 118 feb
Peasants not producting q needed for industrial exapnsion- 1913 exported 12 mill tonees, best year nep never morethan 3 mill tonnes
Debastating inpact foriegn trade 1926-27 exports 33% 1913
Poor harvest 1927 starvating in cities
Had to sell grain cheaply to gov- have to sell more to make up costs- but no consumer goods so litle point

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3
Q

Nep working for workers yes

A

Better off than before rev- wages had 2.6x 1920-26
8hr working fay
Workers had a role in state within factories with local tu member running factories alongside specialist directions

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4
Q

Nep not working for workers by 1927

A

Real wage only just passed 1913 levels by 1928
High unemp throughout nep
Gap between workers and higehr society evident and complained about bitterly
High food prices increased scarcity
Paid less than specialits or officers
Women suffered forecd out of jobs when red army mobalised large no unemployed and unsupported on streets
Housing problem overcrowding - smolensk 1929 6-7 live in one room
Crime increased in cities

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5
Q

Kolkhoz

A

Most common form of collectivised farm
All land held in common and run by elected comm
50-100 households put together
All land, tools , livestock has to be pooled
Under direction of the comm, formed as single unit
Each household maintain a private plot of one acre

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6
Q

Mts

A

Machine tractor stations
2500 mts established to support collectivisation- hand out machinery
Peasants hand over 20% produce for this service
Ogpu in control so could decide who awarded

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7
Q

How was collectivisation carried out in ussr 1928-41

A

Emergency measures
Urals siberian method
Forced collectivisation
Dekulakisation
Peasant opp
Party retreats
Continued collectivisation
Famine 1932-34
Consolidation

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8
Q

Collectivisation- emergency measures j

A

Jan 1928 politburo voted unanimously for emergency measures to introduce urals siberian mechanism
Cohen pivotal event-
Rationing in city- scissor crisis
Disincentive

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9
Q

Urals siberian method

A

Summer 1928
Over 100,000 party workers, komsomol members and factory wokrers went out and dived into countryside to help peasants with harvest- revive smyka
Will use as opp to find kulaks hoards grain- 25% reward for finding
Prodcued more but not permant growth

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10
Q

Forced collectivisation

A

Jan 1929
Stalin call collectivisation of all grain producing areas by aug 1930
Almost 60% all farms cllectivised
If opposed branded kulak

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11
Q

Dekulakisation

A

Targets set for dekulakisation in eah area
Peasantry encouraged to denaounce kulaks in village
Over 1 mill kulaks farmers affected by this policu
Comm propaganda increased class hatred
Up to 10 mill people deported to siberia or labour camps by end of process
But v diff identify kulaks and imbedded in communit

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12
Q

Peasant opp to collectivisation

A

Attack on churches often accompnied by youngester league militant godless
Many peasants ate slaughtered or sold animals rather than handing over

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13
Q

Party retreats collectivisation

A

Stalin pravda- dizzy with sucess- workers too enthusastic and forced pace- mar 1930
Return of unjustly brandihsed kulaks
Critic for collectivisation

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14
Q

Return to collectivisation

A

Once grani collected after good harvest 1930 started agin
By 191 less 50% kolkhoz increased to 100 by 1939- peasabts keep small areas of land
Ny times durranty- collectivisation may now be said to have been established on a solid foundation with enormous rewards to russian contribution

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15
Q

Famine 1932-34

A

Poor weather and increased demand urban pop 28 to 40 mill 1930-32
Grain less left peasantry 60 to 40 mil tonne 1928-31
Estimated 4.5mill died holodomour

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16
Q

Consolidation collectivisation

A

1939 announced all farms collectivised
Formally legalised small plost 1/2 hectare or less per household
Internal passport and pontemkin vilalges to westerners

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17
Q

Impact collectivisation- poliical

A

Grain procurement increased crushing peasangs- holding hostage
Hit esp ukrain nationalists
Kulak eliminated but most skilled
Stalin personal power consolllidated by mid 1930s
Alienated right and left with great turn

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18
Q

Impact collectivisation -social

A

Aim destroy kulaks and spirit
League militent godless
Internal passports ogpu in mts and on trains- cities cant see starvation
West largely niave- pontemkin village
Many felt betrayed by comm policu
Devestated with high deaths 5mill

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19
Q

Impact collectivisation- econ

A

Increased grain production for export and cities
Not caused as dont increase grain procurement
Mts 2500 not enough
Quotas increase despitye social impact
Liquidation kulaks lose knoweldge an dexperience
Agricultural procuremet lukewarm until 1950s
Famine esp ukraine
Process rapid industrialistion

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20
Q

Law of spikelets

A

Seven eights law inytroduced hard punishment for those supsected stealing collective property

1932-40 180,000 convicted, 10 y imprisonment

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21
Q

5 y plans how organised

A

Centrally planned state deciding what and where produced
Set broad directives easily adapted
Target backed by law failed to meet target could be treated as a criminal offence
Peopele cpmissariats- gov dpt- 4 by 1934- food, light, heavy
Gosplan state planning com by 1921
Regional admin- local outputs recivee info targets

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22
Q

5y plans looked like

A

Declared year ahead schedule
Hige industrial cities constructed magnitogorsk urals
Huge projetcs gigantomania- dnieprostroi dam- increased soveit power output x5

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23
Q

Foriegn support 5y plans

A

Large no companies sent specialists engineers and skilled workers to enact new factories and exploit new resources- ford automodtive industry
Colonel hugh- heloed byuld dam
A kucksiger asbestos industry in remote place in urals called aspbestos

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24
Q

Aims first 5y plan

A

1928-32
Heavy indsurty- coal iron steel oil machinery
Boost electricity x6
Light industry chemicals

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25
Q

Sucess first 5y plns

A

Electricty x3
Coal and iron x2
Magnitogrosk huge project
New tractor works stalingrad

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26
Q

Setback 1st

A

Little consumer industry
Lacked skilled worjers
Lack of transport bottlenecks
Targets not met
Nomadic gypsy camp

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27
Q

Polciies used first

A

Gosplan
Vesenkha targets
After 1930-criminals more than 3y to lab camps
Wage diferenytaisl 1931
Shock brigade- efforts to build lots dams

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28
Q

Impacts class first 3 5y plans

A

Social class workers
Proletariat

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29
Q

Overall judgement 1st

A

Kick started the econ
But many weakness and setbacks
Especially lack transport and skileld owkrers

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30
Q

Second 5y plan aims

A

1933-37
Rail road water networks transport
Consumer goods to a degree
Consolidation

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31
Q

2nd sucess

A

Became virtually self sufficient in machinery making and metal works
Transport links increased
Chemical indsutry increase
Increased focus consumer goods- food processes, good workers
Moscow metro opened
Coal amd electricity x2

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32
Q

Second 5y plan setbacks

A

Waste over producing
Lack consumer goods indusrty
Oil production targets missed, even though reduced

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33
Q

Nd policies used

A

Great ppurges increased forced labour
Stakhanovites idealised owkrers- pravda coined term stakhanovite movement
Recordmania

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34
Q

Overall judgement second

A

More sucessful with self sufficient
Increased transport links longer term benefit
Start consumer goods

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35
Q

3rd 5y plan aims

A

1935-31
War readiness heavy industry armaments

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36
Q

Sucess 3rd

A

Increased leisure 1939- 30,000 xitizens ussr sports facilities public gardens
Increased schools almost 200,000 across ussr by 1940
Increased copper output 60%

37
Q

Setbacks 3rd

A

Econ slowdown
Lack of planning- skill and lost great purges
Decreased maternity leave and free education
Fuel crisis

38
Q

3rd policies used

A

Internal passports 1938 and labour books
1940 absenteeism became a crime
Stakhovites

39
Q

Overall judgement 3rd

A

Worsening for individ in terms of freeodm but increased liesure and some increase education
Econ slowdown less sucessful

40
Q

Forced labour

A

300,000 prisoner worked on belamor baltic white sea- many kulaks arrested in ocllectivisation
After 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3y sent to labour camps
Gov decreed ghese camps should be self supporting
Labour camps set up in forests of frozen north and timber production was exportied to help econ - money for industrial investment
Forced lab increased great purges mid 1934
Cheap lab

41
Q

Stakhanovites

A

Worker who produced x16 normal output of coal- got masive bonus of almost x7 mormal
Pravda coined term stakhanovite movement
Nov0stalin called for stakhonovism to spread ‘widely and deeply’ across ussr
New movement as way of convincing management to adopt new production methods, icnreased rates production

42
Q

Shakhty trial

A

1928
55 engineers and managers in shakhty in n caucuas arrested and accused conspiring with former owners of coal mines- sabotage soviet econ
Targeted bourgois creating fear- foriegners scapegoters for future- iincreased political control
Counter rev activism- catch all term
Propaganda pravda used the ones to denounce bourgous
Managers connected to bolshevism weakened him by removing them stailn only credible leader

43
Q

Magnitogorsk

A

Great steel plant 150,000 people live
Built 1929-34
Schools for evryone
Although mid 1930s still had 17.5% living in mud huts

44
Q

Approach to arts and culture lenin

A

Lunacharsky moveaway higha rts and towards popular culture
Established commisar of pop entertainment

45
Q

Stalin approach culture

A

Hark back 19th century realism

46
Q

Art under lenin

A

Bogdanov wanted to make art an response to peole of working class and encourage mass participation-
Lenin opposed futureism
Artisitic freedom enocuraged
Agitprop art class wardare
Revolt by futurist such as malevich

47
Q

Art under stalin

A

Modernism replaced with realism
All painters and artists required to join th eunion of artists and porduce work which adheres to doctrine of socialist realism

48
Q

Music lenin

A

Rev anthems- internationale and marseilles
Classical composers such as mozart and bethoven popular on rev celebration

49
Q

Stalin music

A

Return glinka and tsaicovsky
Shostakonvich and prokofiev stalin praise and trade values

50
Q

Lenin lit

A

Saw dickens as middle class sentiment
Rev shattered golden age of tolstoy checkhov
We dystopian
Lit tool of stae pravda

51
Q

Stalin lit

A

Tool propaganda- pravda and trostly
All writers member of russian association of proletarian writers controlled stalin support- zhadanov
Siome optimism- ostrovsky- hohw the steel was tempered

52
Q

Film lenin

A

Shortages of film and equipment made producing film diff during civil war
Proletkins produced filsm early 1920s in line bol balues
Einstein racical unmanageable form adn styel ie batteship pontempkin 1925

53
Q

Stalin film

A

Einstein fell out of favour 1928 returned before conflict w alexander nevsky 1938 commsioned by stalin himself
Socialist realism- simple story and plot
Holywood pop and allowed if idndt clash socilaist ideals

54
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s

A

Fear
Econ personal finance
Society incentive

55
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s fear= yes

A

Politburo agree policy dekulakisation 1930
1936 great pruges begin target managers, technical specialists
Absentism 1940 criminal offence

56
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s fear no

A

Stakanovite movement inspiration- used as propaganda tool
Trainng programmes- esp 2nd
Many young b do what want

57
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ/personal finacne- yes

A

1937 av real wages 3/5 1928 levels
1932 poor harvest ukraine desipte quotas decrease 14%
1933 av married moscow worker consume less than half bread did in 1900s
High turnover labour- coal industry 1930 x3/yr

58
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s econ personal finance- no

A

Egalitarianism in wages abandoned- increasing incentive opportunities
Around 13,500 new bread shipes opened 1934
Rations ended 1935
1931 klibyshev pay incentives new leader gosplan, piece payments paid to be more productive
Manager allowed pay bonuses

59
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive- yes

A

Allocated housing space in moscow 5.5 to 4sqm per person
1938 labour dooks and internal passports introduced
1935 maternity and free education fall

60
Q

Quality of life for workers and peasants suffered as result stalin econ policy in 1930s society/incentive no

A

Moscow metro opened 1938
30,000 cinemas opened ussr
Opened sports facilities, public goods, parks of culture
1930- qll chilidren 8-11 must be in school increased no pupils 14 to 20 mill 1928-30

61
Q

Cult of personality develop 1924-29 origins

A

Lenin died, leadership race
Leadership was using party as anynoymous colective body making joint decisioin- yet few party leaders appear
After lenin death stalin increase media image , wanted to appear as had working man or moderation
After his efforts in civil war and tsaritskin renamed stalingrad in 1920s
Stalin is true lenin of todya- disciple
At meeting central comm, congress recieved larger and longer applauds

62
Q

Cult undrway of personality 1929-33

A

1931 huge push marx engles lenin and stalin appear on speches ie oct rev and celebrations
Priase heaped on stalin on his work with lenin and 1st year plan
Needed strong leader with disruptive econ polcu
Nursery walls with thank you stalkin for my happy childhood

63
Q

Cult of personality fullly established 1933-39

A

Ns pact 3rd and 4th
1935 onwards only speak stalin in glooowing terms- almost propehtic
History of all union comm party stalin more present in oct rev- devoted to bolshevism- textbook that widely used 2 mill copied yb 1940
Statue of stalin at great soviet exhibition 1934
Portraits him as child teaching almost chrits like figure natural born leader

64
Q

Hieght of cult of perosnlaity post 1945

A

Won ww2 and defeat anazis enhanced his power
Celebrate 70th brithday
Picture him god like figure with lenin - sometimes appearing to tell lenin what to do
Omnipresent image of stalin reminded the society he everywhere- he udnerstands your hopes and has your best interests at heart
Prokofief 1939 song for 60th birthday ‘the name of stalin will protect us from harm

65
Q

How sucessful were the comm in modernisisng russian agriculture 1928-41

A

Collective farms
Machinery and tech
Grain requiisition
De kulak

66
Q

Modernise russa- collective farms

A

Aim create rural proletariat
Sucesssful wihtt comm- more efficinet to requisist
1939 stalin said fully collectivised
1937- called for ocllectvvised
Durranty ny times pontemkin villlages
Sustain with 1 acre land
But hated so killed animals in protest

67
Q

Machinery and tech- comm modernise agriculture

A

Mts 2500 stations- not enough
By 1932 144 tractors/day produced
Aimed proletarinaise peasants- ogpu and nkvd in mts
Crop rotation on 20% land in 1930s
1939 threshing mechanised 75%

68
Q

Grain requisition- comm modernise agriculture

A

Used exports- reducung amount left to peasanrts 60 mill tonnes to 40
Grain requsiition more than needd- political- famine 1932- 5 mill, 4.5 mill holodmour
1941 reach 19133 levels
Urals siberian methods with kolkoz effective but labour intensive and unsustainable

69
Q

De-kulakisation- comm modernise

A

Pavlik morozov aspiration
10 mill in lab camps or siberia by 1941
Nkvd order 00447 term vague

70
Q

Nkvd order 00447 date

A

July 1937

71
Q

Great break

A

What stalin said pravda announcing first 5 y plan
He meant ‘total breaking up of the old society and the feverish building of the new

72
Q

Figes on collectivization

A

Driven less by economiccs than by politics and a general mistrust of the peasantry

73
Q

Politiburo on kulaks

A

1 mill kulak households jan 1930

74
Q

Failure of gigantomania

A

Gulag project white sea canal- belomorkanal- employed 100,000 prisoners by 1932
But to save time and money depth of canal reduced from 22ft to just 12
Render useless for all bst shallow barges and passenger vesselss
Prisoners basic hand tools instead of dynamite and machinery
25,000 prisoners died during first winter 1931-32 aloe

75
Q

Prosperity improving

A

By 1935- rationing was lifted- optimistic modd as shop windows fileld with goods
Cameras gramaphones and radios mass produced for aspiring middle class
Steady rise in production of luxury goods- perfumes, chocolate, cognac , caviar and soviet champaign- goods cheaper on holidays

76
Q

Model shopa

A

Former eliseev store renamed grocery no.1 on groky sstreet moscow 1934
Very few of these new luxuries actually affordable yet great media attention

77
Q

Womens lives worsen domestically

A

1923-34 working women spending 3x longer than men on ohhusehold chores by 1936 5x longer

78
Q

5y plan couldbe described as

A

Revoolutuion form above
A war against russias backwardness

79
Q

Great war scare

A

1927
Widely believd in the party and country that a renewed military intervention by the capitalist powers wass iinent
W britihs raid on soviet trade mison- arcos in london
Nationalsit kuomintang attack on comm allies in china
Assassination of a siviet diplomatic plenipotentiary in poland

Led to increased grain holding, gpu intensifying
Stalin concluded ‘everyone who arouses the slightest suspicion should be removed

80
Q

Main focus in first 5y plan

A

Everything was sacrificecd for metal
Fitzpatrick

81
Q

Lack of use of efective methods in first 5y pan

A

New conveyor belts in ford often stood idle during first 5 year plan whilst constructed tractors handmade

82
Q

Dekuilakisation stalin statement

A

Kulaks must be ‘liquidated as a class

83
Q

Removal of any democratic forces in peasantry

A

Village mir abolished 1930 (mini parliament/gathering

84
Q

Historian stat on dekulakisation

A

1.5 mil people deported 1930-31
Russian historian vp danilov

85
Q

Hatred towards collectivaization

A

Peasants believed was a second serfdom

86
Q

Komsomol missions

A

‘Light cavalry’ riads disrupt work in government offices
Cultural army- created primarily to fight illiteracy, almost suceeded in abolishing local education dpt which wasnot objective of party leadership on grounds bureaucratic

87
Q

Militants of raap action

A

Camapign against gorky at a time when stalin trying to persuade retuturn

88
Q

Slogan for first 5y plan

A

‘We are building a new world’
Forming the ‘new soviet man’

8- Russian History (16 decks)

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