Topic 4 - Kroll And Crenshaw

Question 1

What was the aim?

Answer 1

Investigated if there is a difference in the personality profiles of high-level athletes in 4 different sports

Question 2

What was the sample?

Answer 2

387 male athletes

Question 3

How many karateka?

Answer 3

71

Question 4

How many gymnasts?

Answer 4

141

Question 5

How many wrestlers?

Answer 5

94

Question 6

How many American Football players?

Answer 6

81

Question 7

What questionnaires did they complete?

Answer 7

Cattell’s 16 personality factors and MMPI

Question 8

What was the MMPI for?

Answer 8

Checking for validity

Question 9

What is univariate analysis?

Answer 9

Involves comparing each pair of sports against each other on each of the 16 personality traits

Question 10

What is multivariate analysis?

Answer 10

Involves comparing all athletic groups on all 16 personality traits at once (to see which factors accounted for the biggest difference between groups)

Question 11

What difference was there between football and wrestling?

Answer 11

No differences

Question 12

What difference was there between football and gymnastics?

Answer 12

Social boldness, emotional stability, self-reliance, vigilance

Question 13

What difference was there between football and karate?

Answer 13

Self-reliance, social boldness, vigilance, rule consciousness

Question 14

What difference was there between wrestling and gymnastics?

Answer 14

Social boldness, reasoning, self-reliance, openness to change

Question 15

What difference was there between wrestling and karate?

Answer 15

Self reliance, tension, privateness, rule consciousness

Question 16

What difference was there between gymnastics and karate?

Answer 16

Tension, rule consciousness, liveliness, reasoning

Question 17

What does the lack of differences between American footballers and wrestlers mean?

Answer 17

Share similar personality profiles

Question 18

What sports were more group dependence and less self-reliant?

Answer 18

Footballers and wrestlers

Question 19

What sports were less group dependence and more self-reliant?

Answer 19

Gymnasts and wrestlers

Question 20

What was the main difference between gymnasts and wrestlers / footballers?

Answer 20

Factor H (shy vs venturesome)

Question 21

What was the most distinct group and why?

Answer 21

Gymnasts because they were the most serious and intelligent of all 4 groups

Question 22

What was the main conclusion?

Answer 22

Successful athletes in different sports do seem to have different personalities

Question 23

What was the key conclusion factor?

Answer 23

Group dependence (athletes in individual sports such as gymnastics and karate tend to be more self-reliant)