Basic structural and functional unit of the body can perform all basic life functions atom loses election and becomes a positive ion (cation)

Principle parts of the cell Cytoplasm where is it located? how many divisions?

AREA between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus 2 divisions

one of the two divisions of cytoplasm structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life 1. non membranous in direct contact with cytosol 2. membranous surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles Ribosomes what happens here? site for what? what does it contain? may be located where? what is the difference between where they are located?

where we take amino acids to join covalent bonds sites for protein synthesis contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins may be: free in cytosol - make proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - make proteins destined for all other sites

Topic 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards by Kayla Seminiano

The Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of the body
- can perform all basic life functions
- atom loses election and becomes a positive ion (cation)

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Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell membrane/Plasma membrane/Plasmalemma
Cytoplasm
Non-membranous organelles
Membranous organelles
Nucleus

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Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Membrane Proteins
Membrane carbohydrates
Microvilli

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Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

Phospholipid bilayer

phosphate head group (hydrophilic)
FA tails (hydrophobic)
Divides ICD + ECF
- →intracellular fluid (ICF) = inside cell
- →extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cell

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Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

Cholesterol

scattered throughout membrane
adds stability to the cell membrane

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Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

what are the types of membrane proteins

integral proteins
peripheral proteins

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Principle Parts of the Cell: Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma is composed of?

Membrane Proteins: integral proteins

what does it contain?
what do some do and what is that called?

within a membrane have a hydrophobic region
some extend across entire membrane = transmembrane (some do not extend throughout entire membrane)

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Principle Parts of the Cell: Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma is composed of?

Membrane Proteins: peripheral proteins

attached to either surface of integral proteins

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Principle parts of the cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/ Plasmalemma composed of?

Membrane carbohydrates

only on outer surface
bound to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)
functions
- cell recognition (e.g. egg and sperm)
- anchor cells together

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Principle parts of the cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/ Plasmalemma composed of?

Microvilli

definition:
function:
where is it best seen?

small projections of cell membrane
function
- increase surface area
best seen on cells of the small intestine and kidney

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function: microvilli

increase surface area

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function: membrane proteins

enzymes
transporters
channels
receptors
anchors - hold cells to one another
identity markers (for immune system)

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function: mebrane carbohydrates

cell recognition (e.g. egg and sperm)
anchors cell together

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Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane:

Fluid

Mosaic

fluid: membrane constituents can move around (phospholipids + some proteins)

mosaic: proteins dot durface like tiles in a mosaic

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Principle parts of the cell

Cytoplasm

where is it located?
how many divisions?

AREA between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus
2 divisions

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Melanin

Skin color

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Glycogen

stored glucose

Polysaccharide

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Cytoplasm

Cytosol

one of the two divisions of cytoplasm
gel-like intracellular fluid
contains water and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
may contain inclusions
- example: melanin, glycogen

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Cytoplasm

Organelles

one of the two divisions of cytoplasm
structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life
1. non membranous
  - in direct contact with cytosol
2. membranous
  - surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

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Cytoplasm → Organelles

non membranous

in direct contact with cytosol

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Cytoplasm → Organelles

membranous

surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

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Principle parts of the cell

Non-Membranous organelles

ribosomes
centrosomes
cytoskeleton

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Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles

Ribosomes

what happens here?
site for what?
what does it contain?
may be located where?
- what is the difference between where they are located?

where we take amino acids to join covalent bonds
sites for protein synthesis
contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins
may be:
- free in cytosol - make proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus
  - attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - make proteins destined for all other sites

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what does the ribosome contain?

proteins and have own RNA

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**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles** Centrosomes

* dense area of cytoplasm, usually contains 2 centrioles (function uncertain - some cells lack them) * organizes microtubules to form spindle apparatus (for cell division) * organizes cytoskeleton

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles** Cytoskeleton * what does it determine? * it is formed by what? * what is its function? * what are the types of cytoskeletons?

* determines cell shape (cell support) * Formed from **proteins** * functions: * important in cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring of organelles + proteins (e.g. receptors, enzymes) * 3 types: * microfilaments * intermediate filaments * microtubules

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton** Microfilaments

* made of actin → made of protein * function: * muscle contraction (with myosin) * cell locomotion * maintenance of cell shape and projections (e.g. microvilli) * cytokinesis

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton** **function:** microfilaments

* muscle contraction (With myosin) * cell locomotion * maintenance of cell shape and projections (e.g. microvilli) * cytokineses

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton** intermediate filaments

* composition is tissue specific * e.g. keratin * function * support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton** function: intermediate filaments

* support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)

**Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton** Microtubules

* hollow tubes made of tubulin * function * form: 1. centrioles 2. spindle apparatus 3. cilia (short) 4. flagella (long) * structural → make up structure of cells skeleton * move or secure organelles in place

what functions do the membrane proteins have?

* enzymes * transporters * channels * receptors * anchors -\> holds cells to one another * identity markers (for immune system)

fluid mosaic model of the **cell membrane**

fluid - mebrane constituents can move around (phospholipids + some proteins) mosaic - proteins dot surface like tiles in a mosaic

what are the 2 divisions of the cytoplasm?

1. cytosol 2. organelles

describe the **cytosol** of the cytoplasm

* gel like intracellular fluid * contains water and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids * may contain inclusions ...e.g. melanin (pigment), glycogen (stored glucose)

describe the **organelles** of the cytoplasm

* structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life * 2 types

what are the 2 types of organelles of the cytoplasm

1. non membranous 2. membranous

describe the **non-membranous organelles** of the cytoplasm

* in direct contact with cytosol

describe the **membranous** organelles of the cytoplasm

surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

Name the membranous organelles

1. Mitochondria 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Lysosomes

Membranous Organelles ## Footnote **Mitochondria**

* site of ATP synthesis * contains own DNA, RNA, + proteins * have a double membrane

Membranous Organelles ## Footnote **ER**

* Membranous network throughout the cytoplasm * 2 types * rough ER * smooth ER

Rough ER

* ribosomes attached - synthesis of secretory, lysosomal and membrane proteins

Smooth ER

* Lacks attached ribosomes * continuous with Rough ER (RER) * synthesized lipids + steroid hormones

Membranous Organelles ## Footnote **Golgi Apparatus/Complex**

* stacks of membrane discs * **modifies** (e.g. trims or adds CHO groups), sorts, packages, and delivers proteins/lipids to cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion (cellular post office)

Membranous Organelles ## Footnote **Lysosomes**

* break down things * filled with digestive enzymes * digest bacteria, viruses, worn-out organelles (clean up function)

Nucleus * definition * also what are the parts of the nucleus? * cells may have one or more nuclei true or false?

* Largest membranous organelle * cell control centre * cells may have 1 or more nuclei * Parts: * nuclear envelope * nucleolus * chromosomes/chromatids

**nuclear envelope** of nucleus and what is it CONNECTED to

* double membrane with nuclear pores * connected to ER

**nucleolus** (\>1 in some plants) -what region?

* non-membranous * dense (less light gets through) region of DNA, and proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled

**chromosomes/chromatids** of nucleus

* contain DNA + histone proteins * can be: 1. dipersed = **chromatin** 2. condensed + individually visible

dispersed = **chromatin** of chromosomes of chromatids

* DNA uncoiled + not individually visible * in this form MOST of the time (when cell is not dividing)

**condensed + individually visible** chromosomes

* found in dividing cells (during mitosis/meiosis)

what organelle containts ribosomal RNA + proteins?

ribosomes

what contains water and suspensions of carbs, proteins, and lipids?

cytosol

what organelle has these functions? * muscle contraction (With myosin) * cell locomotion * cytokinesis * maintance of cell shape and projection

microfilaments

what may contain inclusions?

cytosol

what has these functions? * enzymes * transporters * identity markers (for immune system) * receptors * anchoring (hold cells to one another) * channels

membrane proteins

what forms: * spindle apparatus * centrioles * cilia (short) * flagella (long)

microtubules

what makes up structure of cells skeleton?

microtubules

what moves or secures organelles in place?

microtubules

what has this function? cell recognition?

membrane carbohydrates

what has this function? anchors cells together

membrane carbohydrates

largest membrane organelle

nucleus

cell control center

nucleus

dense region of DNA and proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled

Nucleolus

what organelle organizes microtubules to form spindle apparatus?

centrosomes

what is made of actin?

microfilaments

small projections of cell membrane

microvilli

what increases surface area

microvilli

what is best seen in small intestine and kidney?

microvilli

what is important in cell division, cell movement, movement/anchoring of organelles and proteins?

cytoskeleton

what contains DNA + histone proteins

chromosomes

what are bounded to glycoproteins and glycolipids

membrane carbohydrates

hollow tubes made of tubulin

microtubules

membranous network throughout cytoplasm