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Anatomy > Topic 18 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Topic 18 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of the Endocrine System

A
  • ductless glands and endocrine tissues within other organs
  • secrete chemicals = hormones into blood
  • transported to target cells via circulation and act on target cells
  • target cell = cell with receptor specific for that hormone
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2
Q

Hormone Classes

List the classes of hormones

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Hormones derived from amino acids
  3. Peptide + Protein hormones
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3
Q

Hormone Classes

Steroids

A
  • synthesized from cholesterol (lipid soluble)
  • testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D
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4
Q

Hormone Classes

Hormones derived from amino acids

give example

and what kinds

A
  • e.g. derived from tyrosine

2 kinds

  1. thyroxine/T4
  2. epinephrine + norepinephrine (catecholamines)
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5
Q

Hormone Classes ►Hormones derived from amino acids

Thyroxine/T4

what kind of hormone is it?

water or lipid soluble?

what does it do?

A
  • a thyroid hormone
  • lipid soluble
  • controls cellular metabolism
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6
Q

Hormone Classes ►Hormones derived from amino acids

epinephrine + norepinephrine (catecholamines)

what kind of hormone is it?

water or lipid soluble?

what does it do?

A
  • adrenal medulla hormones
  • water soluble
  • short term stress – part of the fight-or-flight response
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7
Q

Hormone classes

Peptide + Protein hormones

what is it?

water or lipid soluble?

name examples of these hormones

A
  • chains of amino acids
  • mainly water soluble
  • e.g. oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin
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8
Q

Endocrine Glands

Name the types of glands

these glands have __ _____ ________.

A

Glands with no other function:

  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
  4. Adrenal gland
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9
Q

Endocrine Glands

Pituitary gland

how is it anatomically and functionally related to the _______.

where is it located?

how many lobes?

A
  • suspended from hypothalamus
  • in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
  • 2 lobes
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10
Q

Endocrine glands ► Pituitary gland

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Posterior pituitary
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11
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary

  • what kind of tissue?
  • how is it regulated?
  • how many hormones?
A
  • epithelial tissue
  • anterior pituitary hormone secretion regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus
  • 3 metabolism hormones
  • 3 reproductive hormones
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12
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Anterior pituitary

What are 3 metabolism hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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13
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Anterior pituitary ► Metabolism hormone

Growth hormone

what does it stimulate or promote?

A

promotes growth or metabolism

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14
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Anterior pituitary ► Metabolism hormones

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

what does it stimulate or promote?

A

stimulates secretion of thyroid

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15
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Anterior pituitary ► Metabolism hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates secretion of adrenal steroids

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16
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Anterior pituitary

Name the reproductive hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
  2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  3. Prolactin (PRL)
    • stimulates milk formation
17
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary

what kind of tissue?

how is it anatomically and functionally related to the ______?

how does the hypothalamus affect the pituitary gland?

A
  • nervous tissue
  • extension of hypothalamus
  • hormones produced in hypothalamus, stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary:
    • Oxytocin
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
18
Q

Endocrine gland ► Pituitary gland ► Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

what does it stimulate?

A

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

19
Q

Endocrine gland - Pituitary gland - Posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

water reabsorption in kidney

20
Q

Endocrine gland

Thyroid gland

where is it located?

what is it composed of?

fact

A
  • on anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea
  • butterfly shaped
  • Thyroid histology
    • follicles
    • parafollicular cells
21
Q

Endocrine gland - Thyroid gland - Thyroid histology​

Follicles

what are the walls composed of?

what does it produce?

A
  • walls = epithelial cells (follicle cells)
  • produce T4
22
Q

Endocrine gland - Thyroid gland - Thyroid histology

Parafollicular cells

where is it located?

what does it secrete?

A
  • between follicles
  • secrete calcitonin
    • increase Ca++ uptake into bone (bone formation) which lowers blood Ca++ bone matrix
23
Q

Endocrine glands

Parathyroid glands

where is it located and how many?

what does it secrete?

A
  • 4 (usually) glands embedded in posterior thyroid
  • secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    • increase blood Ca++ by breaking down bone matrix
24
Q

Endocrine glands

Adrenal glands

where is it located?

what are the 2 parts?

A
  • superior surface of each kidney
  • 2 parts
    • adrenal cortex (outer)
    • adrenal medulla (inner)
25
Q

Endocrine glands - Adrenal glands

Adrenal cortex (outer)

what tissue?

what does it secrete?

how many layers?

  • how many hormones are secreted by each layer?
A
  • epithelial tissue
  • secretes steroids only
  • 3 layers (1 hormone secreted by each):
    1. Zona Glomerulosa
    2. Zona Fasciculata
    3. Zona reticularis
26
Q

Endocrine glands - Adrenal glands - Adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa

what does it secrete?

A

secretes mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

  • salt balance
27
Q

Endocrine glands - Adrenal glands - Adrenal cortex

Zona fasciculata

what does it secrete?

  • example
  • what kind of hormone?
A

secretes glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

  • long term stress hormone
  • carbohydrate metabolism
28
Q

Endocrine glands - Adrenal glands - Adrenal cortex

Zona reticularis

what does it secrete?

A

secretes androgens + small amounts testosterone

  • some converted to estrogens in other tissues (especially fat)
29
Q

endocrine gland - adrenal gland

Adrenal medulla (inner)

what kind of tissue?

what hormones?

A
  • nervous tissue
  • 2 main hormones:
    1. epinephrine (80%)
    2. norepinephrine (20%)
30
Q

Endocrine tissues

name the 4

A

Endocrine function in organs that have other functions as well:

  1. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Gonads
  4. Others
31
Q

Endocrine tissues

Pancreatic islets of langerhans

A
  • 4 cell types (only covering 2 in this course)
    1. a-cells
    2. b-cells
32
Q

a-cells

A

produce glucagon

-increases blood glucose

33
Q

b-cells

A

produces insulin

-decreases blood glucose

34
Q

Endocrine tissue

Hypothalamus

A

regulates anterior pituitary via:

  1. GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
  2. GHIH (Growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
  3. HnRH (Gonadotropin releasing Hormone) - FSH + LH
35
Q

Endocrine tissues

Gonads

A
  • Testes
    • leydig cells = testosterone
  • Ovaries
    • Cells of 1º and 2º follicles = estrogen
    • corpus luteum = estrogen + progesterone
36
Q

Endocrine Tissues

List the others

A
  • duodenum - secretin
  • kidney - renin
  • skin - vitamin D
  • heart - atrial natruiretic peptide (ANP)
  • etc.
37
Q
A

Anatomy (27 decks)

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