Topic 12 - Cardiovascular Sytem (last 3 pages) Flashcards by Kayla Seminiano

Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

List the general structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)

4 parts:

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima/interna
lumen

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

tunica externa

A

CT

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle
elastic fibers (CT)

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Tunica intima/interna

A

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Lumen

A

contains blood
not a layer

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Q

Name the 5 types of blood vessels

(from heart and back to heart)

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

starts at the:

A

heart

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from the heart to

A

elastic arteries

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from elastic arteries to

A

muscular arteries

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from muscular arteries to

A

arterioles

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Q

from arterioles to

A

capillaries

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from capillaries to

A

venules

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from venules to

A

veins

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from veins to

A

heart

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Arteries

name the function
how many types

A

carries blood away from heart (does not refer to oxy or deoxy)
2 types

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

what are the 2 types of arteries?

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels:

Arteries: elastic arteries

A

elastic CT in all 3 layers
largest arteries (near heart)
e.g. aorta

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Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

arteries: muscular arteries

A

a LOT of smooth muscle
most arteries
e.g. coronary arteries

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Q

aorta refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries

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Q

coronary artery refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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Q

largest arteries (near heart) refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries

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Q

most arteries refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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Q

a LOT of smooth muscle refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

arterioles

_____ arteries
what does it regulate?

A

little arteries
regulates blood flow + blood pressure

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anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types capillaries * only contains what layer + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

capillaries only have **tunica intima - endothelium (**one cell layer) + **basement membrane**

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types capillaries * allows what? * gaps allow? * capillaries?

* allows **exchange of gases + nutrients** * gaps allow **limited fluid + solutes toleak out = interstitial fluid (ISF)** * capillaries unite to form venules

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types venules

* intima, thin media, thin externa

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types veins

* large lumen * valves prevent backflow of blood * thin media - less smooth muscle * can collapse

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types veins: valves prevent what?

backflow of blood

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types veins * thin media - less smooth muscle: * can do what?

can collapse

*large lumen* refers to: ## Footnote a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

veins

* intima, thin media, thin externa* refers to a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

venules

*ONLY tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement membrane* ## Footnote a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

capillaries

*allow exchange of gases + nutrients* refers to: ## Footnote a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

capillaries

*gaps allow limited fluid + solutes to leak out = ISF* refers to ## Footnote a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

capillaries

*little arteries refers to* ## Footnote * a) arterioles* * b) capillaries* * c) venules* * d) veins*

arterioles

*regulates blood flow + blood pressure* refers to ## Footnote a) arterioles b) capillaries c) venules d) veins

arterioles

Blood (CT) characteristics (4) * viscosity? * temperature? * pH? * Litres

1. higher viscosity than H₂O 2. 37ºC 3. pH 7.35 - 7.45 4. 4-6L in an adult

Blood CT Composition Overview: 1. plasma (matrix) 2. formed elements

Blood CT: Composition Overview: Plasma (matrix)

fluid portion with solutes

Blood CT: Composition Overview: Formed elements

cellular portion

blood (CT): composition detail Plasma (matrix) = ?

blood minus formed elements

blood (CT) plasma is composed of:

* H₂O - 90% * Proteins - 8% * Other solutes - 2%

plasma is composed of **proteins** - 8% 1. 2. 3.

1. albumin 2. fibrinogen 3. globulin

plasma is composed of proteins - 8% albumin

control tissue water balance

plasma is composed of proteins - 8% fibrinogen

clot formation

plasma is composed of proteins - 8% globulin

antibodies

*control tissue water balance* refers to ## Footnote a) albumin b) fibrinogen c) globulin

albumin

plasma is composed of * H₂O - 90% * Proteins - 8% * Other solutes - 2% Name the *other solutes*

1. nutrients 2. hormones 3. wastes 4. electrolytes 5. gases

Blood (CT): Composition Detail: Formed elements Name the 3 types of formed elements:

1. RBC - erythrocytes 2. WBC - leukocytes 3. Platelets

Blood Formed Elements: RBC - Erythrocytes * what = % of blood volume that is RBC (45%) * what is the shape * what happens when mature? * life span * destroyed where?

* hematocrit * biconcave disc shape * **anucleate** when mature * lifespan - 120 days * destroyed **in the liver & spleen**

Formed elements: RBC - Erythrocytes Hematocrit = ?

% of blood volume that is RBC (45%)

what is the shape of RBC - erythrocytes?

biconcave disc shape

anucleate when mature

erythrocytes

life span of RBC - Erythrocytes

120 days

destroyed in the liver and spleen

RBC - Erythrocytes

What do RBC/Erythrocytes contain?

* Hemoglobin (pigment protein)

Hemoglobin Heme = ?

* red pigment * contains iron (Fe) * attaches and transports O₂

Formed elements: RBC/Erythrocytes Hemoglobin Globin =

* protein * attaches and transports CO₂

**heme** is further broken down to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

bilirubin

**globin** to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

amino acids

Formed Elements WBC - Leukocytes * nucleated or uninucleated? * life span * defend what * how many types?

* nucleated * life span varies - **days to years** * defend **against disease** * **2** types

what is the life span of leukocytes?

days to years

are leukocytes nucleated or uninucleated?

nucleated

this type of formed element ***defends against disease***

WBC - leukocytes

Formed element: WBC - Leukocytes what are the 2 types of leukocytes

1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes Granulocytes include: ^{list percentage of each}

* neutrophils (60%) * eosinophils (3%) * basophils (1%)

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes Granulocytes: Neutrophils (60%)

* all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders) * kill bacteria

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes Granulocytes: Eosinophils (3%)

attack parasites (e.g. worms)

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes Granulocytes: Basophils (1%)

release histamine and hepraine histamine = increase inflammation heparin = decrease local clotting

histamine

increase inflammation

heparin

decrease local clotting

all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders) ## Footnote a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) basophils

neutrophils

release histamine and heparine ## Footnote a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) basophils

basophils

kill bacteria ## Footnote a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) basophils

neutrophils

attack parasites (e.g. worms) ## Footnote a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) basophils

eosinophils

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes Agranulocytes include: ^{list the percentage}

* lymphocytes (35%) * monocytes (5%)

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes Agranulocytes include: **lymphocytes (35%)** * how many types? * name the types

* 2 types * T lymphocytes * B lymphocytes

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes Agranulocytes include lymphocytes: 1. **T lymphocytes** * kill what and how? 2. B lymphocytes

kill infected/diseased cells directly

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes Agranulocytes include lymphocytes: 1. T lymphocytes 2. **B lymphocytes** * become what? which produce?

become plasma cells and produce antibodies (globulin)

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes Agranulocytes : Monocytes (5%) * enters where to become what?

enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages (phagocytic = "big eaters")

***immunity*** refers to ## Footnote a) granulocytes b) neutrophils c) monocytes d) lymphocytes e) agranulocytes

lymphocytes ^{technically lymphocytes are part of agranulocytes as well}

which formed element ***enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages*** ## Footnote a) T lymphocytes b) Granulocytes c) Monocytes d) B lymphocytes

monocytes

name all the possible **Leukocytes** even the subtypes

* Granulocytes * neutrophils * eosinophils * basophils * Agranulocytes * lymphocytes * T lymphocytes * B lymphocytes * Monocytes

formed elements platelets * fragments... * involved in.... * life span

* **_fragments_** of cells called *megakaryocytes* * involved in **clotting** * life span = **2-10 days**

megakaryocytes

fragments of cells

involved in clotting ## Footnote a) T lymphocytes b) B lymphocytes c) Neutrophils d) Platelets e) Basophils

platelets

formation of blood cells

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis * all blood cells arise...

* all blood cells arise **indirectly** from hemocytoblast cells (=stem cells) in red bone marrow

hemocytoblast cells =

stem cells

all blood cells arise **indirectly** or **directly** from hemocytoblast cells in red bone marrow

indirectly

red marrow in adult: * ? * ? * ?

* axial skeleton * pelvic + pectoral girdles * proximal ends of humerus + femur

life span of platelets?

2 - 10 days

platelets are fragments of cells called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

megakaryocytes