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Anatomy > Topic 12 - Cardiovascular Sytem (last 3 pages) > Flashcards

Topic 12 - Cardiovascular Sytem (last 3 pages) Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

List the general structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)

4 parts:

A
  1. tunica externa
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica intima/interna
  4. lumen
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2
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

tunica externa

A

CT

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3
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Tunica media

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibers (CT)
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4
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Tunica intima/interna

A

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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5
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Lumen

A
  • contains blood
  • not a layer
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6
Q

Name the 5 types of blood vessels

(from heart and back to heart)

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
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7
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

starts at the:

A

heart

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8
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from the heart to

A

elastic arteries

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9
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from elastic arteries to

A

muscular arteries

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10
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from muscular arteries to

A

arterioles

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11
Q

from arterioles to

A

capillaries

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12
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from capillaries to

A

venules

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13
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from venules to

A

veins

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14
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

from veins to

A

heart

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15
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

Arteries

  • name the function
  • how many types
A
  • carries blood away from heart (does not refer to oxy or deoxy)
  • 2 types
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16
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

what are the 2 types of arteries?

A
  1. elastic arteries
  2. muscular arteries
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17
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels:

Arteries: elastic arteries

A
  • elastic CT in all 3 layers
  • largest arteries (near heart)
  • e.g. aorta
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18
Q

Anatomy of blood vessels

arteries: muscular arteries

A
  • a LOT of smooth muscle
  • most arteries
  • e.g. coronary arteries
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19
Q

aorta refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries

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20
Q

coronary artery refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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21
Q

largest arteries (near heart) refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries

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22
Q

most arteries refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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23
Q

a LOT of smooth muscle refers to

a) elastic arteries
b) muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

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24
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

arterioles

  • _____ arteries
  • what does it regulate?
A
  • little arteries
  • regulates blood flow + blood pressure
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25
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

capillaries

  • only contains what layer + ___________
A

capillaries only have tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement membrane

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26
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

capillaries

  • allows what?
  • gaps allow?
  • capillaries?
A
  • allows exchange of gases + nutrients
  • gaps allow limited fluid + solutes toleak out = interstitial fluid (ISF)
  • capillaries unite to form venules
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27
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

venules

A
  • intima, thin media, thin externa
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28
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

veins

A
  • large lumen
  • valves prevent backflow of blood
  • thin media - less smooth muscle
    • can collapse
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29
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

veins:

valves prevent what?

A

backflow of blood

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30
Q

anatomy of blood vessels: blood vessel types

veins

  • thin media - less smooth muscle:
    • can do what?
A

can collapse

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31
Q

large lumen refers to:

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins

A

veins

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32
Q
  • intima, thin media, thin externa* refers to
    a) arterioles
    b) capillaries
    c) venules
    d) veins
A

venules

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33
Q

ONLY tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement membrane

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins

A

capillaries

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34
Q

allow exchange of gases + nutrients refers to:

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins

A

capillaries

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35
Q

gaps allow limited fluid + solutes to leak out = ISF refers to

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins

A

capillaries

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36
Q

little arteries refers to

  • a) arterioles*
  • b) capillaries*
  • c) venules*
  • d) veins*
A

arterioles

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37
Q

regulates blood flow + blood pressure refers to

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins

A

arterioles

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38
Q

Blood (CT)

characteristics (4)

  • viscosity?
  • temperature?
  • pH?
  • Litres
A
  1. higher viscosity than H2O
  2. 37ºC
  3. pH 7.35 - 7.45
  4. 4-6L in an adult
39
Q

Blood CT

Composition Overview:

  1. plasma (matrix)
  2. formed elements
40
Q

Blood CT: Composition Overview:

Plasma (matrix)

A

fluid portion with solutes

41
Q

Blood CT: Composition Overview:

Formed elements

A

cellular portion

42
Q

blood (CT): composition detail

Plasma (matrix) = ?

A

blood minus formed elements

43
Q

blood (CT)

plasma is composed of:

A
  • H2O - 90%
  • Proteins - 8%
  • Other solutes - 2%
44
Q

plasma is composed of proteins - 8%

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. albumin
  2. fibrinogen
  3. globulin
45
Q

plasma is composed of proteins - 8%

albumin

A

control tissue water balance

46
Q

plasma is composed of proteins - 8%

fibrinogen

A

clot formation

47
Q

plasma is composed of proteins - 8%

globulin

A

antibodies

48
Q

control tissue water balance refers to

a) albumin
b) fibrinogen
c) globulin

49
Q

plasma is composed of

  • H2O - 90%
  • Proteins - 8%
  • Other solutes - 2%

Name the other solutes

A
  1. nutrients
  2. hormones
  3. wastes
  4. electrolytes
  5. gases
50
Q

Blood (CT): Composition Detail:

Formed elements

Name the 3 types of formed elements:

A
  1. RBC - erythrocytes
  2. WBC - leukocytes
  3. Platelets
51
Q

Blood

Formed Elements: RBC - Erythrocytes

  • what = % of blood volume that is RBC (45%)
  • what is the shape
  • what happens when mature?
  • life span
  • destroyed where?
A
  • hematocrit
  • biconcave disc shape
  • anucleate when mature
  • lifespan - 120 days
  • destroyed in the liver & spleen
52
Q

Formed elements: RBC - Erythrocytes

Hematocrit = ?

A

% of blood volume that is RBC (45%)

53
Q

what is the shape of RBC - erythrocytes?

A

biconcave disc shape

54
Q

anucleate when mature

A

erythrocytes

55
Q

life span of RBC - Erythrocytes

56
Q

destroyed in the liver and spleen

A

RBC - Erythrocytes

57
Q

What do RBC/Erythrocytes contain?

A
  • Hemoglobin (pigment protein)
58
Q

Hemoglobin

Heme = ?

A
  • red pigment
  • contains iron (Fe)
  • attaches and transports O2
59
Q

Formed elements: RBC/Erythrocytes

Hemoglobin

Globin =

A
  • protein
  • attaches and transports CO2
60
Q

heme is further broken down to _______

61
Q

globin to _______

A

amino acids

62
Q

Formed Elements

WBC - Leukocytes

  • nucleated or uninucleated?
  • life span
  • defend what
  • how many types?
A
  • nucleated
  • life span varies - days to years
  • defend against disease
  • 2 types
63
Q

what is the life span of leukocytes?

A

days to years

64
Q

are leukocytes nucleated or uninucleated?

65
Q

this type of formed element defends against disease

A

WBC - leukocytes

66
Q

Formed element: WBC - Leukocytes

what are the 2 types of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
67
Q

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Granulocytes

include:

list percentage of each

A
  • neutrophils (60%)
  • eosinophils (3%)
  • basophils (1%)
68
Q

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Granulocytes: Neutrophils (60%)

A
  • all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)
  • kill bacteria
69
Q

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Granulocytes: Eosinophils (3%)

A

attack parasites (e.g. worms)

70
Q

Formed Elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Granulocytes: Basophils (1%)

A

release histamine and hepraine

histamine = increase inflammation

heparin = decrease local clotting

71
Q

histamine

A

increase inflammation

72
Q

heparin

A

decrease local clotting

73
Q

all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)

a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils

A

neutrophils

74
Q

release histamine and heparine

a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils

75
Q

kill bacteria

a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils

A

neutrophils

76
Q

attack parasites (e.g. worms)

a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils

A

eosinophils

77
Q

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

include:

list the percentage

A
  • lymphocytes (35%)
  • monocytes (5%)
78
Q

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

include: lymphocytes (35%)

  • how many types?
  • name the types
A
  • 2 types
    • T lymphocytes
    • B lymphocytes
79
Q

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

include lymphocytes:

  1. T lymphocytes
    • ​​kill what and how?
  2. B lymphocytes
A

kill infected/diseased cells directly

80
Q

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

include lymphocytes:

  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
  • become what? which produce?
A

become plasma cells and produce antibodies (globulin)

81
Q

Formed elements: WBC - Leukocytes

Agranulocytes : Monocytes (5%)

  • enters where to become what?
A

enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages

(phagocytic = “big eaters”)

82
Q

immunity refers to

a) granulocytes
b) neutrophils
c) monocytes
d) lymphocytes
e) agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

technically lymphocytes are part of agranulocytes as well

83
Q

which formed element enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages

a) T lymphocytes
b) Granulocytes
c) Monocytes
d) B lymphocytes

84
Q

name all the possible Leukocytes

even the subtypes

A
  • Granulocytes
    • neutrophils
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
  • Agranulocytes
    • lymphocytes
      • T lymphocytes
      • B lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
85
Q

formed elements

platelets

  • fragments…
  • involved in….
  • life span
A
  • fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • involved in clotting
  • life span = 2-10 days
86
Q

megakaryocytes

A

fragments of cells

87
Q

involved in clotting

a) T lymphocytes
b) B lymphocytes
c) Neutrophils
d) Platelets
e) Basophils

88
Q

formation of blood cells

A

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

89
Q

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

  • all blood cells arise…
A
  • all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast cells (=stem cells) in red bone marrow
90
Q

hemocytoblast cells =

A

stem cells

91
Q

all blood cells arise indirectly or directly from hemocytoblast cells in red bone marrow

A

indirectly

92
Q

red marrow in adult:

  • ?
  • ?
  • ?
A
  • axial skeleton
  • pelvic + pectoral girdles
  • proximal ends of humerus + femur
93
Q

life span of platelets?

A

2 - 10 days

94
Q

platelets are fragments of cells called _______

A

megakaryocytes

Anatomy (27 decks)

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