Topic 12 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Cardiovascular System Overview
- heart, blood vessels, blood
- transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
- protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
Heart
in a cavity called the mediastinum
( = space between lungs within thoracic cavity)
Heart
Coverings = Pericardium
- what is surrounding heart?
- how many layers?
- what is in between ______ layers?
- double-walled sac surrounding heart
- 3 layers
- between pericardial layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
double walled sac surrounding heart
pericardium
what are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium also called epicardium
fibrous pericardium
- outermost pericardium = dense irregular CT
- anchors to surrounding structures
- e.g. diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)
what kind of tissue is the outermost layer of the fibrous pericardium?
dense irregular CT
function of fibrous pericardium?
anchors to surrounding structures
e.g. diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc).
what anchors to surrounding structures?
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
2 parts
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericaridum
serous pericardium ► parietal pericardium
- fused to?
- fused to fibrous pericardium
- fibrous pericardium + parietal pericardium = pericardial sac
serous pericardium ► visceral pericardium
- also called?
- fused to?
- also called epicardium
- fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall
between pericardial layers = ?
pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
heart wall
name the 3 parts
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
heart wall ► epicardium
name the tissue
stratified squamous epithelium and CT
myocardium
- also called?
- name the tissue
- arranged in name shape/pattern here, reinforced with name tissue here
- also called cardiac muscle
- arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT
heart wall ► endocardium
- name the tissue(s)
- simple squamous epithelium and CT
- epithelium named endothelium - lines inner surface of heart and ALL blood vessels
stratified squamous epithelium and CT
a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium
epicardium
arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT
a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium
myocardium
also called cardiac muscle
a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium
myocardium
simple squamous epithelium and CT
a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium
endocardium
name the chambers and associated blood vessels of the heart (4)
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
Right atrium
- inferior and superior vena cava
- coronary sinus (posterior)
Left atrium
- 4 pulmonary veins
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk - divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries
left ventricle
aorta
inferior and superior vena cava is part of the
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
right atrium
the coronary sinus is part of the
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
right atrium
4 pulmonary veins are of part the
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
left atrium
pulmonary trunk is part of the
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk divides to do what?
to form 2 pulmonary arteries
aorta is part of the
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
left ventricle
Septa (separate chambers) of the heart
Name the two
- interatrial septum
- interventricular septum
interatrial septum separates what?
atria
interventricular septum separates what?
ventricles
deep to interventricular sulcus (external)
a) interatrial septum
b) interventricular septum
interventricular septum
fibrous skeleton
- allows what?
- provides what? which prevents?
- allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open/close)
- provides electrical insulation
- prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers
How does the CT fibers relate to the Fibrous skeleton?
CT fibers around the muscle fibers + CT rings between atria and ventricles at the coronary sulcus
what part of the heart allows openings to remain open at all times?
fibrous skeleton
what part of the heart provides electrical insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers
fibrous skeleton
valves of the heart
name the 2 types of valves
- atrioventricular valves
- semilunar valves
name the 2 subtypes of atrioventricular valves
- bicuspid (mitral) valve
- tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve:
bicuspid (mitral) valve
- left or right side?
- how many cusps?
- left side
- 2 cusps
atrioventricular valve:
tricuspid valve
- left or right side?
- how many cusps?
- right side
- 3 cusps
how does the chordae tendineae relate to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
chordae tendineae (CT) attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)
chordae tendineae
- attach what to where?
- which are projections of ?
attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles which are projections of myocardium
chordae tendineae attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)
what does that prevent?
prevent eversion of cusps
chordae tendineae relates to which valve?
a) atrioventricular valve
b) semilunar valve
atrioventricular valve
semilunar valves
- how many cusps?
- what are the 2 types?
- 3 cusps each
- aortic
- pulmonary
semilunar valves ► aortic
- separates what?
left ventricle and aorta
semilunar valves ► pulmonary
- separates what?
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
what separates the left ventricle and aorta?
aortic
separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary
cardiac muscle cells
- forms what?
forms BOTH contractile myocardium + conduction system
what forms BOTH contractile myocardium and conduction system?
cardiac muscle cells
list the similarities of the cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle
- striated
- has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules
list the differences between the cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle
- branched
- uninucleated
- intercalated discs
- region where two fibers meet
- contain anchoring and gap junctions
intercalated discs
conduction system
do not name the parts yet
- cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses
- DO NOT CONTRACT
electrical signals spreads from __________ to ________ then they ________
electrical signal spreads from conduction system
to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
name the 5 parts of the conduction system
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
- bundle of his
- bundle of his branches
- purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
- where is it located?
- what is the function?
- in right atrium at base of superior vena cava
- generates impulses the fastest - sets pace
what is located in right atrium at base of superior vena cava?
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
what generates impulses the fastest? - sets pace
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
what is located at base of right atrium?
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
atrioventricular node
bundle of his
- where is it located?
- what is the function?
- superior part of interventricular septum
- electrically connects atria to ventricles
atrioventricular node
- where is it located?
- base of right atrium
what is the superior part of interventricular septum
- a) sinoatrial node*
- b) atrioventricular node*
- c) bundle of his*
- d) bundle of his branches*
- e) purkinje fibers*
bundle of his
what electrically connects atria to ventricles?
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
bundle of his
bundle of his branches
- go where?
go to each ventricle
purkinje fibers
- _______ fibers located only in where?
terminal fibers in ventricles only
what goes to each ventricle?
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
bundle of his branches
“terminal fibers in ventricles only”
a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers
purkinje fibers