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Anatomy > Topic 12 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Topic 12 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System Overview

  • heart, blood vessels, blood
  • transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  • protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
A
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2
Q

Heart

A

in a cavity called the mediastinum

( = space between lungs within thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

Heart

Coverings = Pericardium

  • what is surrounding heart?
  • how many layers?
  • what is in between ______ layers?
A
  • double-walled sac surrounding heart
  • 3 layers
  • between pericardial layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
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4
Q

double walled sac surrounding heart

A

pericardium

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5
Q

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. serous pericardium
    • parietal pericardium
    • visceral pericardium also called epicardium
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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • outermost pericardium = dense irregular CT
  • anchors to surrounding structures
    • e.g. diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)
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7
Q

what kind of tissue is the outermost layer of the fibrous pericardium?

A

dense irregular CT

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8
Q

function of fibrous pericardium?

A

anchors to surrounding structures

e.g. diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc).

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9
Q

what anchors to surrounding structures?

A

fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

serous pericardium

A

2 parts

  1. parietal pericardium
  2. visceral pericaridum
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11
Q

serous pericardium ► parietal pericardium

  • fused to?
A
  • fused to fibrous pericardium
    • fibrous pericardium + parietal pericardium = pericardial sac
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12
Q

serous pericardium ► visceral pericardium

  • also called?
  • fused to?
A
  • also called epicardium
  • fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall
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13
Q

between pericardial layers = ?

A

pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)

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14
Q

heart wall

name the 3 parts

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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15
Q

heart wall ► epicardium

name the tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium and CT

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16
Q

myocardium

  • also called?
  • name the tissue
    • arranged in name shape/pattern here, reinforced with name tissue here
A
  • also called cardiac muscle
  • arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT
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17
Q

heart wall ► endocardium

  • name the tissue(s)
A
  • simple squamous epithelium and CT
    • epithelium named endothelium - lines inner surface of heart and ALL blood vessels
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18
Q

stratified squamous epithelium and CT

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

A

epicardium

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19
Q

arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

A

myocardium

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20
Q

also called cardiac muscle

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

A

myocardium

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21
Q

simple squamous epithelium and CT

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

A

endocardium

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22
Q

name the chambers and associated blood vessels of the heart (4)

A
  1. right atrium
  2. left atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. left ventricle
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23
Q

Right atrium

A
  • inferior and superior vena cava
  • coronary sinus (posterior)
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24
Q

Left atrium

A
  • 4 pulmonary veins
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25
Q

right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk - divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

left ventricle

A

aorta

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27
Q

inferior and superior vena cava is part of the

a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle

A

right atrium

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28
Q

the coronary sinus is part of the

a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle

A

right atrium

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29
Q

4 pulmonary veins are of part the

a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle

A

left atrium

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30
Q

pulmonary trunk is part of the

a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle

A

right ventricle

31
Q

pulmonary trunk divides to do what?

A

to form 2 pulmonary arteries

32
Q

aorta is part of the

a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle

A

left ventricle

33
Q

Septa (separate chambers) of the heart

Name the two

A
  1. interatrial septum
  2. interventricular septum
34
Q

interatrial septum separates what?

A

atria

35
Q

interventricular septum separates what?

A

ventricles

36
Q

deep to interventricular sulcus (external)

a) interatrial septum
b) interventricular septum

A

interventricular septum

37
Q

fibrous skeleton

  • allows what?
  • provides what? which prevents?
A
  • allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open/close)
  • provides electrical insulation
    • ​ prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers
38
Q

How does the CT fibers relate to the Fibrous skeleton?

A

CT fibers around the muscle fibers + CT rings between atria and ventricles at the coronary sulcus

39
Q

what part of the heart allows openings to remain open at all times?

A

fibrous skeleton

40
Q

what part of the heart provides electrical insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers

A

fibrous skeleton

41
Q

valves of the heart

name the 2 types of valves

A
  1. atrioventricular valves
  2. semilunar valves
42
Q

name the 2 subtypes of atrioventricular valves

A
  1. bicuspid (mitral) valve
  2. tricuspid valve
43
Q

atrioventricular valve:

bicuspid (mitral) valve

  • left or right side?
  • how many cusps?
A
  • left side
  • 2 cusps
44
Q

atrioventricular valve:

tricuspid valve

  • left or right side?
  • how many cusps?
A
  • right side
  • 3 cusps
45
Q

how does the chordae tendineae relate to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

chordae tendineae (CT) attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)

46
Q

chordae tendineae

  • attach what to where?
    • which are projections of ?
A

attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles which are projections of myocardium

47
Q

chordae tendineae attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium)

what does that prevent?

A

prevent eversion of cusps

48
Q

chordae tendineae relates to which valve?

a) atrioventricular valve
b) semilunar valve

A

atrioventricular valve

49
Q

semilunar valves

  • how many cusps?
  • what are the 2 types?
A
  • 3 cusps each
    • aortic
    • pulmonary
50
Q

semilunar valves ► aortic

  • separates what?
A

left ventricle and aorta

51
Q

semilunar valves ► pulmonary

  • separates what?
A

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

52
Q

what separates the left ventricle and aorta?

A

aortic

53
Q

separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary

54
Q

cardiac muscle cells

  • forms what?
A

forms BOTH contractile myocardium + conduction system

55
Q

what forms BOTH contractile myocardium and conduction system?

A

cardiac muscle cells

56
Q

list the similarities of the cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
  • has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules
57
Q

list the differences between the cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle

A
  • branched
  • uninucleated
  • intercalated discs
58
Q
  • region where two fibers meet
  • contain anchoring and gap junctions
A

intercalated discs

59
Q

conduction system

do not name the parts yet

A
  • cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses
  • DO NOT CONTRACT
60
Q

electrical signals spreads from __________ to ________ then they ________

A

electrical signal spreads from conduction system

to contractile cardiac cells then they contract

61
Q

name the 5 parts of the conduction system

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. bundle of his
  4. bundle of his branches
  5. purkinje fibers
62
Q

sinoatrial node

  • where is it located?
  • what is the function?
A
  • in right atrium at base of superior vena cava
  • generates impulses the fastest - sets pace
63
Q

what is located in right atrium at base of superior vena cava?

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

sinoatrial node

64
Q

what generates impulses the fastest? - sets pace

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

sinoatrial node

65
Q

what is located at base of right atrium?

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

atrioventricular node

66
Q

bundle of his

  • where is it located?
  • what is the function?
A
  • superior part of interventricular septum
  • electrically connects atria to ventricles
67
Q

atrioventricular node

  • where is it located?
A
  • base of right atrium
68
Q

what is the superior part of interventricular septum

  • a) sinoatrial node*
  • b) atrioventricular node*
  • c) bundle of his*
  • d) bundle of his branches*
  • e) purkinje fibers*
A

bundle of his

69
Q

what electrically connects atria to ventricles?

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

bundle of his

70
Q

bundle of his branches

  • go where?
A

go to each ventricle

71
Q

purkinje fibers

  • _______ fibers located only in where?
A

terminal fibers in ventricles only

72
Q

what goes to each ventricle?

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

bundle of his branches

73
Q

“terminal fibers in ventricles only”

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node
c) bundle of his
d) bundle of his branches
e) purkinje fibers

A

purkinje fibers

74
Q
A

Anatomy (27 decks)

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