Inorganic Most abundant substance in cells Polar molecules - unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference Many reactions in the body take place in H2O = Universal solvent Transports chemicals (e.g. O2, nutrients) Maintains body temperature (37c)

May be organic OR inorganic 1. Acids 2. Bases 3. pH scale

Dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions [H+] increases = pH decreases e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O → H+ + Cl-

Substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O [H+] decreases = pH increases example 1: NaOH in H2O → Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion) then _OH- (base)_ + H+ → H2O example 2: HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H+ → H2CO3 (carbonic acid) OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions.

[H+] of free H+ in solution Basic → Acidic increases [H+] 0acidic-------7neutral--------14basic/alkaline e.g. pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45

Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards by Kayla Seminiano

Knowledge of basic chemistry needed for understanding

Anatomy and Physiology
Difference between healthy and diseased person

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Structure of an atom

Nucleus contains

Protons: positive charge

Neutrons: neutral charge

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Structure of an atom

Orbiting the nucleus

Electrons: negative charge

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Atoms are electrically Neutral - The number of electrons and protons is equal (neutrons may not be equal to these)

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ions

If an atom loses or gains an electron, it is __________

and becomes an ion

It is no longer neutral.

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ions

what is it called when an atom gains an electron?

it becomes a negative ion, which is called an anion.

A = -

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ions

What is it called when an atom loses an electron?

It becomes a positive ion, which is called a cation.

t = +

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Name important ions (electrolytes)

Calcium (Ca²⁺⁾
Sodium (Na⁺)
Potassium (K⁺)
Hydrogen (H⁺⁾
Chloride (Cl^-)

SPHCC

NaKHCaCl

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What are chemical bonds?

Bond atoms together to form molecules
Types of bonds:
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
These chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be organic or inorganic

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What is an ionic bond?

Ions formed
Atom to atom transfer of electrons
- example: NaCl
  - Na loses electron = Na⁺
  - Cl gains electron = Cl^-
  - The positive (Na⁺) and negative (Cl^-) ions attract forming the bond
  - In H₂0 NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) into ions: Na⁺, Cl^-

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What is a covalent bond?

Sharing electrons between atoms

example: CH₄

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Chemical Bonds

What is Organic Substances?

Covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

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Chemical Bonds

Name a few examples of organic substances

Carbs

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

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Chemical Bonds

What is an inorganic substance?

Usually lack C (carbon) atoms

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Chemical Substances

Name a few examples of inorganic substances

Water

NaCl

_{<span>O</span>2}

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Chemical Bonds

What inorganic substances contain C atoms?

Carbonic Acid: H₂CO₃

Bicarbonate: HC0₃^-

Carbon Dioxide: C0₂

Carbon Monoxide: CO

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Water (6)

Inorganic
Most abundant substance in cells
Polar molecules - unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
Many reactions in the body take place in H₂O = Universal solvent
Transports chemicals (e.g. O₂, nutrients)
Maintains body temperature (37^c)

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Acids and Bases

May be organic OR inorganic

Acids
Bases
pH scale

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Acids

Dissociate in H₂O releasing H⁺ ions
- [H⁺] increases = pH decreases
- e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H₂O → H⁺+ Cl^-

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Bases

Substances that bind free H⁺ ions in H₂O
- [H⁺] decreases = pH increases
example 1:

NaOH in H₂O → Na⁺ + OH^- (hydroxyl ion) then OH^-(base) + H⁺ → H₂O

example 2:

HCO₃^- (bicarbonate) + H^{<strong>+</strong>}→ H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)

OH^- and HCO₃^- act as bases by binding to the free H⁺ ions.

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pH Scale

[H⁺] of free H⁺ in solution
Basic → Acidic increases [H⁺]
0_acidic——-7_neutral——–14_{basic/alkaline}
e.g. pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45

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Name important organic substances

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

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Important Organic Substances

Carbohydrates

Consists of C, H, and O
Functions
- source of energy for cells example: C₆H₁₂O₆(glucose)
- cellular structures example: DNA + RNA**
Naming
- Monosacharrides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides

**Important Organic Substances: Carbohydrates** Monosaccharides

* Simple sugars * Basic building blocks of other carbohydrates * Example: glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

**Important Organic Substances** Lipids * what is it consisted of? * examples * soluble or insoluble? * polar or non polar? * list the 3 functions * list the 4 types

* **C, H, O** (ratio difference from carbs) * example: fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA) * Insoluble (nonpolar) in water * Functions: * Protects organs (padding) * Build cell membranes * Source of stored energy * Types * Glycerides * Phospholipids * Cholesterol * Steroids

**Important Organic Substances: Carbohydrates** Disaccharides

* 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together * example: glucose + fructose = sucrose

**Important Organic Substances** Polysaccharides

* Many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together * Example: glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

**Important Organic Substances: *Lipids*** Glycerides

* Most common lipid in body and diet * Composed of 2 building blocks: * glycerol (backbone) * Fatty acids (FAs) * Naming: * glycerol + 1 FA = monoglyceride * glycerol + 2 FAs = diglycerides * glycerol + 3 FAs = triglyceride

**Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride** monoglyceride

glycerol + 1 FA

**Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride** Diglyceride

glycerol + 2 FAs

**Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride** Triglyceride

glycerol + 3 FAs

**Important organic substances: Lipids** Phospholipids

* 3 building blocks * **phosphate "head" group** (polar) * hydrophillic *(water soluble)* * glycerol backbone * **2 FAs "tails"** (non polar) * hydrophobic *(water insoluble)* * example: diglyceride with a phosphate head group

**Important Organic Substances: Lipids** Cholesterol

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

**Important Organic Substances: Lipids** Steroids

* derived from cholesterol * example: bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

**Important Organic Substances** Proteins

* Consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S) * example: albumin * Functions: * structural materials (example: collagen) * enzymes, hormones, transporters * antibodies * Naming * Amino acids (aa) * Dipeptides * Polypeptides * Protein

**Important Organic Substances: Proteins** Amino Acids

* basic building blocks of all amino acids * use the name of the aa itself (example: glycine)

**Important Organic Substances: *Proteins*** Dipeptides

2 aa

**Important Organic Substances: *Proteins*** Polypeptides

many amino acids

**Important Organic Substances: *Proteins*** Protein

1 or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

**Important Organic Substances** Nucleic Acids

* consists of C, H, O, N, P * 2 forms * DNA * RNA * building blocks called **nucleotides** * each nucleotide contains * PO_4- (phosphate) * monosaccharide (simple sugar) * **ribose in RNA** or **deoxyribose in DNA** * organic base: * A * T (DNA only) * U (RNA only) * C * G * Structures in DNA and RNA are different

**Important Organic Substance: *Nucleic Acids*** What is the DNA structure

* PO₄- deoxyribose - A, T, C or G * Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder) * **A to T** * **G to C** * Alternating sugar and phosphate form "uprights" * Bases "rungs" * Functions: * celular reproduction * used as a template to make RNA

**Important Organic Substances: *Nucleic Acid*** What is the structure of RNA?

* PO₄- Ribose - A, U, C, or G * single stranded * A to U * G to C * Function * Protein synthesis

**Important Organic Substances** Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

* energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities * structure = 3 PO₄ + ribose + adenine (modified RNA nucleotide) * In figure 2.23 = high energy bond * breaking bond creates immediately useable energy * ATP → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + P_i (inorganic phosphate)

What does ADP stand for?

adenosine diphosphate

what does P_i stand for?

Inorganic phosphate

Phospholipids

Carbonic Acid

H2CO3

Bicarbonate

HC03-

Carbon Dioxide

C02

Carbon Monoxide