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Anatomy > Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Knowledge of basic chemistry needed for understanding

A
  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • Difference between healthy and diseased person
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2
Q

Structure of an atom

Nucleus contains

A

Protons: positive charge

Neutrons: neutral charge

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3
Q

Structure of an atom

Orbiting the nucleus

A

Electrons: negative charge

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4
Q

Atoms are electrically Neutral - The number of electrons and protons is equal (neutrons may not be equal to these)

A

:)

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5
Q

ions

If an atom loses or gains an electron, it is __________

and becomes an ion

A

It is no longer neutral.

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6
Q

ions

what is it called when an atom gains an electron?

A

it becomes a negative ion, which is called an anion.

A = -

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7
Q

ions

What is it called when an atom loses an electron?

A

It becomes a positive ion, which is called a cation.

t = +

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8
Q

Name important ions (electrolytes)

A
  • Calcium (Ca2+)
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Potassium (K+)
  • Hydrogen (H+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)

SPHCC

NaKHCaCl

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9
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A
  • Bond atoms together to form molecules
  • Types of bonds:
    • Ionic bond
    • Covalent bond
  • These chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be organic or inorganic
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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A
  • Ions formed
  • Atom to atom transfer of electrons
    • example: NaCl
      • Na loses electron = Na+
      • Cl gains electron = Cl-
      • The positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond
      • In H20 NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) into ions: Na+, Cl​-
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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing electrons between atoms

example: CH4

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12
Q

Chemical Bonds

What is Organic Substances?

A

Covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

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13
Q

Chemical Bonds

Name a few examples of organic substances

A

Carbs

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

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14
Q

Chemical Bonds

What is an inorganic substance?

A

Usually lack C (carbon) atoms

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15
Q

Chemical Substances

Name a few examples of inorganic substances

A

Water

NaCl

<span>O</span>2

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16
Q

Chemical Bonds

What inorganic substances contain C atoms?

A

Carbonic Acid: H2CO3 ​

Bicarbonate: HC03-

Carbon Dioxide: C02

Carbon Monoxide: CO

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17
Q

Water (6)

A
  • Inorganic
  • Most abundant substance in cells
  • Polar molecules - unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
  • Many reactions in the body take place in H2O = Universal solvent
  • Transports chemicals (e.g. O2, nutrients)
  • Maintains body temperature (37c)
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18
Q

Acids and Bases

A
  • May be organic OR inorganic
  1. Acids
  2. Bases
  3. pH scale
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19
Q

Acids

A
  • Dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
    • [H+] increases = pH decreases
    • e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O → H+ + Cl-
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20
Q

Bases

A
  • Substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O
    • [H+] decreases = pH increases
  • example 1:

NaOH in H2O → Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion) then OH- (base) + H+ → H2O

  • ​example 2:

HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H<strong>+</strong> → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

  • OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions.
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21
Q

pH Scale

A
  • [H+] of free H+ in solution
  • Basic → Acidic increases [H+]
  • 0acidic——-7neutral——–14basic/alkaline
  • e.g. pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45
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22
Q

Name important organic substances

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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23
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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24
Q

Important Organic Substances

Carbohydrates

A
  • Consists of C, H, and O
  • Functions
    • source of energy for cells example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
    • cellular structures example: DNA + RNA**​
  • Naming
    • Monosacharrides
    • Disaccharides
    • Polysaccharides
25
Q

Important Organic Substances: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
  • Example: glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
26
Q

Important Organic Substances

Lipids

  • what is it consisted of?
  • examples
  • soluble or insoluble?
  • polar or non polar?
  • list the 3 functions
  • list the 4 types
A
  • C, H, O (ratio difference from carbs)
  • example: fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)
  • Insoluble (nonpolar) in water
  • Functions:
    • Protects organs (padding)
    • Build cell membranes
    • Source of stored energy
  • Types
    • Glycerides
    • Phospholipids
    • Cholesterol
    • Steroids
27
Q

Important Organic Substances: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
  • example: glucose + fructose = sucrose
28
Q

Important Organic Substances

Polysaccharides

A
  • Many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
  • Example: glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
29
Q

Important Organic Substances: Lipids

Glycerides

A
  • Most common lipid in body and diet
  • Composed of 2 building blocks:
    • glycerol (backbone)
    • Fatty acids (FAs)
  • Naming:
    • glycerol + 1 FA = monoglyceride
    • glycerol + 2 FAs = diglycerides
    • glycerol + 3 FAs = triglyceride
30
Q

Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride

monoglyceride

A

glycerol + 1 FA

31
Q

Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride

Diglyceride

A

glycerol + 2 FAs

32
Q

Important organic substances: Lipids-Glyceride

Triglyceride

A

glycerol + 3 FAs

33
Q

Important organic substances: Lipids

Phospholipids

A
  • 3 building blocks
    • phosphate “head” group (polar)
      • hydrophillic (water soluble)
    • glycerol backbone
    • 2 FAs “tails” (non polar)
      • hydrophobic (water insoluble)
        • example: diglyceride with a phosphate head group
34
Q

Important Organic Substances: Lipids

Cholesterol

A

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

35
Q

Important Organic Substances: Lipids

Steroids

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • example: bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)
36
Q

Important Organic Substances

Proteins

A
  • Consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S)
  • example: albumin
  • Functions:
    • structural materials (example: collagen)
    • enzymes, hormones, transporters
    • antibodies
  • Naming
    • Amino acids (aa)
    • Dipeptides
    • Polypeptides
    • Protein
37
Q

Important Organic Substances: Proteins

Amino Acids

A
  • basic building blocks of all amino acids
  • use the name of the aa itself (example: glycine)
38
Q

Important Organic Substances: Proteins

Dipeptides

39
Q

Important Organic Substances: Proteins

Polypeptides

A

many amino acids

40
Q

Important Organic Substances: Proteins

Protein

A

1 or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

41
Q

Important Organic Substances

Nucleic Acids

A
  • consists of C, H, O, N, P
  • 2 forms
    • DNA
    • RNA
  • building blocks called nucleotides
  • each nucleotide contains
    • PO4- (phosphate)
    • monosaccharide (simple sugar)
      • ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA
    • organic base:
      • A
      • T (DNA only)
      • U (RNA only)
      • C
      • G
  • Structures in DNA and RNA are different
42
Q

Important Organic Substance: Nucleic Acids

What is the DNA structure

A
  • PO4 - deoxyribose - A, T, C or G
  • Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder)
    • A to T
    • G to C
  • Alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”
  • Bases “rungs”
  • Functions:
    • celular reproduction
    • used as a template to make RNA
43
Q

Important Organic Substances: Nucleic Acid

What is the structure of RNA?

A
  • PO4 - Ribose - A, U, C, or G
  • single stranded
    • A to U
    • G to C
  • Function
    • Protein synthesis
44
Q

Important Organic Substances

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities
  • structure = 3 PO4 + ribose + adenine (modified RNA nucleotide)
  • In figure 2.23 = high energy bond
  • breaking bond creates immediately useable energy
  • ATP → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)
45
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

46
Q

what does Pi stand for?

A

Inorganic phosphate

52
Q

Phospholipids

56
Q

Carbonic Acid

57
Q

Bicarbonate

58
Q

Carbon Dioxide

59
Q

Carbon Monoxide

Anatomy (27 decks)

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