Topic 16 - Urinary System Flashcards
Urinary System
List the structures of the urinary system
How many?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
List the functions of the urinary system
- Regulates
- Eliminates wastes
functions of the urinary system
What does the urinary system regulate?
regulates
- blood volume
- blood pressure
- pH
- ion concentrations
Functions of urinary system
What kind of wastes does the urinary system eliminate?
example: urea, uric acid, hormones, drugs
List the 7 structures of the urinary system
- Kidneys
- Nephron
- Kidney & Nephron blood supply
- Juxtaglomerular complex
- Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
Structures of the urinary system
Kidneys
list the external anatomy
- retroperitoneal
- right lower than left
- supported & protected by 3 layers of CT
- renal hilus (hilum)
Structures of urinary system: Kidneys ► External anatomy:
What are the 3 layers of connective tissue?
- fibrous capsule
- perineral fat capsule
- renal fascia
Structures of urinary system ► Kidneys ►External anatomy:
Renal hilus (hilum)
- medial indentation
- entry point of:
- renal artery (superior)
- renal vein (inferior)
- ureter
- nerves
**vein = inferior**
Structures of urinary system: Kidneys
List the internal anatomy
- renal cortex (superficial)
- renal medulla
cortex = outer
medulla = middle
Structures of urinary system: Kidneys ► Internal anatomy:
What does the renal medulla contain?
- renal pyramids ► apex of pyramid = renal papilla
- renal columns ► separate pyramids and contain blood vessels
apex = top or highest part of something
cortex = ?
medulla = ?
papilla = ?
outer
middle
projection
Structures of urinary system:
Nephron
- functional unit of kidney (microscopic)
- composed of:
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubules
- 2 types of nephrons
Structures of urinary system: Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
- in cortex
- site of blood filtration (first step in urine formation)
- parts
- glomerulus
- bowman’s capsule
- filtration membrane
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal corpuscle:
Glomerulus
= capillary bed
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ►Renal corpuscle:
Bowman’s capsule
- surrounds glomerulus
- collects filtrate from glomerulus
-
2 layers
- outer = simple squamous epithelium
- inner = podocytes ► wrapped around glomerular capillaries
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal corpuscle
filtration membrane
- consists of
- glomerular endothelium (capillaries)
- basement membranes
- podocytes (of bowman’s capsule)
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal corpuscle ► filtration membrane:
what type of tissue is Glomerular Endothelium?
simple squamous epithelium with pores = fenestrations
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal corpuscle ► filtration membrane:
Type of tissue of podocytes?
simple epithelium
projections “cling” to glomerulus
Structures of urinary system: Nephron
Renal Tubules
- 4 parts
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Collecting ducts
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal Tubules:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
in cortex
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal Tubules:
Loop of Henle
- descending + ascending limbs
- in medulla
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal Tubules:
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
in cortex
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► Renal Tubules:
Collecting Ducts
- in cortex and medulla
- connect nephron to ureter (via calyces/renal pelvis)
Structures of urinary system: Nephron
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
- Cortical
- Juxtamedullary
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► 2 types of Nephrons
Cortical
- 85%
- renal corpuscles near kidney surface in cortex
- short loop of henle in outer medulla
- most abundant
- more superficial
Structures of urinary system: Nephron ► 2 types of Nephrons
Juxtamedullary
- 15%
- renal corpuscles in cortex near medulla
- long loops - penetrate deep into medulla -> allow concentration of urins depending on need
low ______ = ______ blood pressure
low blood volume = low blood pressure
way to remember the 2 types of nephrons
- Cortical = CORTEX
- Juxtamedullary = MEDULLA
:)
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
Starts at the:
Aorta
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After the aorta
Renal Arteries
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After renal arteries
Segmental Arteries
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries (up columns)
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After interlobar arteries:
Arcuate arteries (medulla/cortex junction)
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arterioles
afferent = arriving
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After afferent arterioles
Glomeruli
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After glomeruli
Efferent arterioles
Efferent = Exiting
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After peritubular capillaries
cortical radiate veins
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After vasa recta
cortical radiate veins
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After corticle radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After arcuate veins
interlobal veins
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After interlobar veins
renal veins
Kidney and Nephron Blood Supply
After renal veins
Inferior vena cava
Juxtaglomerular complex
- regulates filtrate formation
- point of contact between end of ascending limb, afferent + efferent arterioles at renal corpuscle of same nephron
- 2 parts
What are the 2 parts of the juxtaglomerular complex?
- Tubular Portion
- Arteriolar portion
Juxtaglomerular Complex
Tubular Portion
modified (tall and narrow) ascemdomg limb cells = macula densa
Juxtaglomerular Complex
Ateriolar Portion
Afferent + efferent arteriolar portion = granular <strong>(</strong>juxtaglomerular cells<strong>)</strong>
- monitor blood pressure
- contain renin (enzyme + hormone)
Urinary Bladder
Histology
- Mucosa
- NO submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Adventitia/Seroser
Urinary Bladder ► Histology
Mucosa
Transitional Epithelium with Rugae
Urinary Bladder ► Histology
No Submucosa
Lamina propria directly connected to muscularis externa
Urinary Bladder ► Histology
Muscularis Externa
= Detrusor Muscle
smooth muscle (3 layers)
Detrusor = To thrust out
Urinary Bladder
Adventitia/Seroser
Aventitia = Anterior, Posterior, and Inferior
Seroser = Superior
Urinary Bladder
Internally
triangle of 2 ureters (posterior) + urethra openings = TRIGONE
- Trigone lacks rugae (smooth) - allows openings to remain in fixed position
Ureters
Histology
- Mucosa
- NO Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Adventitia/Seroser
Ureters ► Histology
Mucosa
transitional epithelium
Ureters ► Histology
NO Submucosa
Lamina propria directly connected to muscularis externa
Ureters ► Histology
Muscularis externa
Smooth muscle - 3 layers
Ureters ► Histology
Adventitia/Seroser
Retroperitoneal
Urethra
Histology and others points:
Histology
- Mucosa
- Muscularis externa
Other points
- 2 sphincters (both surround proximal end of urethra)
- in females - transports urine
- in males - transports urine and semen
Urethra ► Histology
Mucosa
Transitional to stratified squamous epithelium
Urethra ► Histology
Muscularis Externs
Smooth Muscle
Urethra ► Other points
Name the 2 sphincters
- Internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
- External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Urethra ► other points
Which contains smooth muscle?
A. Internal urethral sphincter
B. External Urethral sphincter
Internal
***inside is smooth - outside is hard***
Urethra ► other points
Which contains skeletal muscle
A. Internal urethral sphincter
B. External urethral sphincter
External
Urethra ► other points
Internal Urethral Sphincter
thickening of detrusor muscle at base of bladder
Urethra ► other points
External urethral sphincter
in urogenital diaphragm
Filtrate Movement
Filtrate moves from:
Several DCTs
distal convoluted tubules
Filtrate Movement
From Several DCT’s to:
Collecting ducts (exit at renal papilla)
Filtrate Movement
From collecting ducts to:
Minor calyx
Filtrate Movement
From minor calyx to:
Major Calyx
Filtrate Movement
From major calyx to:
Renal pelvis
Filtrate Movement
From renal pelvis to
Ureter
Filtrate Movement
From ureter to:
Urinary bladder
Filtrate Movement:
From urinary bladder to
Urethra
Filtrate Movement
From urethra to
YOUR NAME IN THE SNOW LAWL
What is the difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa racta?
Peritubular Capillaries
- Found in cortex
- Surrounds the PCT and DCT
- Carries blood away from kidney
Vasa Recta
- Found in medulla
- Surrounds loop of henle
- Carries blood to kidney