Topic 2 - Eukaryotic Cell Cycle + Division Flashcards
What stages are in mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cell Cycle stage
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
cytokinesis
What happens in interphase
- G1 - cell grows + develops
- dense chromosomes
- ATP produces
- Sphase - chromosomes replicated
- G.M copied
- G2 - cytoplasm increased
- DNA checked for errors
- organelles duplicated
What happens in Prophase
- spindle fibers (centrioles to poles)
- chromosomes visible - sister chromatids
What happens in Metaphase
- centrioles attach to centromere
- chromatids line up on metaphase plate
chromosome vs chromatid
chromosome = single strand
chromatid = pair joint by centromere
What happens in Anaphase
- Centromeres split
- centromere first to poles - (microtubles contracting)- uses ATP
Telophase
- spindle fibres break down
- nuclear envelops form
- less dnese chromosomes
describe cytokinesis in plants and animal cells
plants: cell wall across equator (cellulose) -> middle lamella
animal: pull inwards - cleavage furrow
How is variation achieved in meiosis?
2 + explain
cross over - exchange sections in DNA btwn homologous pairs
independant assortment - various combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
what chromosome mutations do
- change the number or structure of chromosomes
name 5 types of chromosome mutations:
-Translocation
- deletion
- duplication
- inversion
- non-disjunction
chromosome mutations
describe what deletion is
- section of chromosome is removed resulting in loss of large number of genes
chromosome mutations
describe what translocation is
- part of one chromosome breaks off and is reattached to a completely diff chromosome
- can be balanced or unbalanced
chromosome mutations
describe what inversions is
part of chromosome flips its orientation with respect to the rest of the chromosome
