Topic 6 - Other Pathogenic Agents

Question 1

characteristics of influenza

4

Answer 1

• highly contagious
• short incubation
• mutates often
• 3 manin strains: A” B C

Question 2

influenza

Ways of transmission

mucus, animals, droplet…
(4)

Answer 2

-droplet infection
-direct contact with animal droppings
-driect contact with virus filled mucus from nose
flu can cross the species barrier = zoonotic infection

Question 3

influenza

Modes of infection

4

pathwayof infection - ciliated cells

Answer 3

-infected ciliated epitheral of respiratory system
- infected cells -> viral RNA into host nucleus
-> takes over biochemistry + new virus particles
-cell will lyse
-(ciliated cells death) respiritory tract open to infection
-infects young w/ no immunity, or old w/ weackened immune systems

Question 4

influenza

Pathogenic effects

-

Answer 4

• fever, shivering, sweating, aching muscles, loss of appetite, painful joints
• lasts 5-6days before fever subsides
• exhaustion can last 6-12 weeks after

Question 5

influenza

Treat and conrol

-
-

Answer 5

• rest, warmth, lots fluids
• antiviral drugs -> reduce symptoms
• vaccines -> diff every yr -> mutations
• scientists monitor new strians + distribution globally

Question 6

influenza is what type of pathogen:
protozoa, virus, fungus?

Answer 6

virus

Question 7

malaria is what type of pathogen:
protozoa, virus, fungus?

Answer 7

protozoa

Question 8

malaria

characteristics of protozoa

4
how reproduce?
responsible for?
type of cell

Answer 8

unicellular - eukaryotic organism
leave alone / in colonies
sexually / asexually
responsible for sleeping sickness and malaria

Question 9

malaria

what is responsible for malaria

gender?

Answer 9

parasite - female mosquito

Question 10

malaria

characteristics of malaria

4
__effects?
kills?
life cycle?
responsible?

Answer 10

parasites of blood responsible
kills 1mil / year
economic effects -> weaking adults
complex life cycle - 2 hosts

Question 11

malaria

ways of transmission?

and reason why

Answer 11

-vector of female Anopheles mosquito -> feed for protein -> lays eggs

Question 12

malaria parasite via…?

Answer 12

mosquitos

Question 13

malaria

modes of infection?

3
howdoes it infect the body (pathway)?

Answer 13

• travels to liver
• inects R.B.C
• reproduce asexually inside erthrocytes + cause lysis

Question 14

-how does malaria reproduce?
-where do they reproduce?
-what does reproduction cause cells to do?

Answer 14

-asexually
-inside erthrocytes
-cause cells to lyse

Question 15

malaria

Pathogenic effects?

5

Answer 15

-sweating
-shaking
-muscle pains
-headaches
-liver damage
-anaemia
-paroxysm

Question 16

malaria

Treatment and control?

4

Answer 16

-mosquito nets (50% ^ effective)
-insect repelent
-pesticides
-mosquito screens
-avoid standing water / treat standing water w/ pesticides -> remove larvae
-Quinine, chloroquinine, and artemisinine = antimalarial drugs

Question 17

Bacteria of Pathogens - 2 key words?

Answer 17

-endotoxins
-exotoxins

Question 18

bacteria as pathogens

How can bacteria be anagent of infection?

3

Answer 18

-via productions of endotoxins, exotoxins, and host tissue invasion

Question 19

bacteria as pathogens

destroys…?
releases…?

Answer 19

• destroys host cells
• releases toxins

Question 20

endotoxins

what are lipopolysaccharides

Answer 20

top layer of outer membrane

similar to glycoproteins

Question 21

lipopolysaccharides are on gram - or gram +

Answer 21

gram -

Question 22

endotoxin

the polysaccharide stimulates a ……… response?

Answer 22

stimulates an imune response

Question 23

endotoxins

what part of molecule acts as a toxin?

Answer 23

the lipid part

Question 24

endotoxins

cause symptoms:

4

Answer 24

-fever, vomitting, diarrhoea
-antibiotic treatment that destroys the cell wall can lead tofurther endotoxin release

Question 25

Example of an endotoxin?

Answer 25

-salmanella

Question 26

Exotoxin example?

2

Answer 26

-tuberculosis
-staphylococcus

Question 27

exotoxins preoduced by?
gram…?

Answer 27

both gram - and gram +

Question 28

exotoxins

what kind of effect?

Answer 28

wide spread effect

Question 29

exotoxins

wide spead effect

damages what?
causes what?
acts as a …?

Answer 29

-damages cellmembrane
-causes internal bleeding or acts as a competative inhibitor to neurotransmitters

Question 30

what are exotoxins?

Answer 30

-soluble proteins

Question 31

exotoxins

how are soluble proteins produced/ released into the body?

Answer 31

soluble proteins are produced/ released into the body by bacteria as they reproduce in the host