Topic 1 - Carbohydrates Flashcards
Monosaccharides?
- One unit of sugar
- 1 oxygen +2 hydrogen for ears carbon
→ (CH2O)n
Disaccharides?
(Many taste sweet)
- 2 sugars stuck together (double sugars)
(condensation reaction) - glycosidic bond
Polysaccharides?
- More than 2 sugar molecules joined together
Types of monosaccharides?
- Alpha glucose
- beta glucose
- maltose
Types of disaccharides?
- Maltose
- sucrose
-Lactose
Types of polysaccharides?
- starch: amylose
amylopectin - Cellulose
Carbohydrate?
functions+ uses
→ important in cells, usable energy source - In human foods
→ also important for sharing energy.
→ forms cell wall in plants, fungi, bacteria
→sugar + starch (best known ones)
→ success = sugar at table
→ glucose fuel cells in body
→ starch = nice, floor potatoes
→ basic structure are the same
→consists of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- Glucose
- sucrose
- amylase
monosaccharides/Disaccharides/Polysaccharides?
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides/starch
O and H → is a hydroxyl group
CH2OH →is what type of grp?
hydroxyl/carboxyl?
carboxyl group
(the …ose’s)
3 types of monosaccharides?
- Triose sugar
- Pentose sugar
- Hexose sugar
Triose sugar?
How many carbons?
Add into formula - (CH2O)n
- has 3 carbons
- n=3
- C3H6O3 → ((CH20)n)
Pentose sugar?
DNA + RNA
Howmany carbons?
Add to formula - CH2O
- 5 carbons
-N=5 - C5H10O5
Hexose sugar
Howmany carbons?
Add in formula - CH2O
- 6 carbons
- N=6
- C6H12O6 → glucose → In fruits (fructose)
Polysaccharides:
types of polysaccharides?
- Cellulose
- starch
- glycogen
Cellulose structure?
- Straight chains
- Unbranched → chain of beta glucose
- hydrogen bonds (form strong fibers = cellulose microfibers
types of chains?
soluble?
active?
space?
energy?
Structure of a polysaccharide? Vs glucose?
Polysaccharide
→ ideal as energy
→ compact molecules (little space)
→chemically inactive (long chains)
→not very soluble
Glucose
→ small chains
→ active
→ dissolve ( soluble)
Glycosides bonds between 2 glucose units is split by a process called…?
•Hydrolysis
Monosaccharide - poly →
Polysaccharide - mono →
→ H2O out (condensation)
→ H20 back (hydrolysis)
Energy we produce from breaking down monosaccharides is ATP
Starch structure?
(Main poly in plants is starch)
(When a plant needs glucose for energy, it breaks down the starch to release the glucose)
- Made of 2diff polysaccharides of alpha-glucose
(amylose + amylopectin) - insoluble → water can’t enter cell by osmosis → makes it good for storage
Starch structure: amylose
→ long chain of glucose units
→ chain forms spiral (1-4 bonding)
Starch structure: amylopectin
→ Glucose units
→ 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
(forms branches)
Branches: allows the enzymes (that break down molecule) to access glycosidic bonds easily.
Meaning glucose can be released quickly
Draw diagram of amylose and amylopectin?
Check freeform app (A level biology folder) for diagrams
Glycogen structure?
→ long energy store for humans
→ 1-6 glycosidic bonds (branched) → easier to break (branches than chains)
→ breaks down to form alpha glucose
→ quicker source of energy → has more 1-6 bonds
Where is glycogen stored
In liver and some muscles
Similar structure to amylopectin (more branches tho)
Glucose is stored in animals as…?
Glycogen
How does structure of glucose relate to its function?
How does structure of starch relate to its function?
How does structure of glycogen relate to its function?
How does structure of cellulose relate to its function?
