Topic 1 - Carbohydrates

Question 1

Monosaccharides?

Answer 1

• One unit of sugar
• 1 oxygen +2 hydrogen for ears carbon
  → (CH2O)n

Question 2

Disaccharides?
(Many taste sweet)

Answer 2

• 2 sugars stuck together (double sugars)
  (condensation reaction)
• glycosidic bond

Question 3

Polysaccharides?

Answer 3

• More than 2 sugar molecules joined together

Question 4

Types of monosaccharides?

Answer 4

• Alpha glucose
• beta glucose
• maltose

Question 5

Types of disaccharides?

Answer 5

• Maltose
• sucrose
  -Lactose

Question 6

Types of polysaccharides?

Answer 6

• starch: amylose
  amylopectin
• Cellulose

Question 7

Carbohydrate?

functions+ uses

Answer 7

→ important in cells, usable energy source - In human foods
→ also important for sharing energy.
→ forms cell wall in plants, fungi, bacteria
→sugar + starch (best known ones)
→ success = sugar at table
→ glucose fuel cells in body
→ starch = nice, floor potatoes
→ basic structure are the same
→consists of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 8

• Glucose
• sucrose
• amylase

monosaccharides/Disaccharides/Polysaccharides?

Answer 8

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides/starch

Question 9

O and H → is a hydroxyl group

Question 10

CH2OH →is what type of grp?

hydroxyl/carboxyl?

Answer 10

carboxyl group

Question 11

(the …ose’s)

3 types of monosaccharides?

Answer 11

• Triose sugar
• Pentose sugar
• Hexose sugar

Question 12

Triose sugar?

How many carbons?
Add into formula - (CH2O)n

Answer 12

• has 3 carbons
• n=3
• C3H6O3 → ((CH20)n)

Question 13

Pentose sugar?
DNA + RNA

Howmany carbons?
Add to formula - CH2O

Answer 13

• 5 carbons
  -N=5
• C5H10O5

Question 14

Hexose sugar

Howmany carbons?
Add in formula - CH2O

Answer 14

• 6 carbons
• N=6
• C6H12O6 → glucose → In fruits (fructose)

Question 15

Polysaccharides:

types of polysaccharides?

Answer 15

• Cellulose
• starch
• glycogen

Question 16

Cellulose structure?

Answer 16

• Straight chains
• Unbranched → chain of beta glucose
• hydrogen bonds (form strong fibers = cellulose microfibers

Question 17

types of chains?

soluble?
active?
space?
energy?

Structure of a polysaccharide? Vs glucose?

Answer 17

Polysaccharide

→ ideal as energy
→ compact molecules (little space)
→chemically inactive (long chains)
→not very soluble

Glucose

→ small chains
→ active
→ dissolve ( soluble)

Question 18

Glycosides bonds between 2 glucose units is split by a process called…?

Answer 18

•Hydrolysis

Question 19

Monosaccharide - poly →
Polysaccharide - mono →

Answer 19

→ H2O out (condensation)
→ H20 back (hydrolysis)

Question 20

Energy we produce from breaking down monosaccharides is ATP

Question 21

Starch structure?
(Main poly in plants is starch)

(When a plant needs glucose for energy, it breaks down the starch to release the glucose)

Answer 21

• Made of 2diff polysaccharides of alpha-glucose
  (amylose + amylopectin)
• insoluble → water can’t enter cell by osmosis → makes it good for storage

Question 22

Starch structure: amylose

Answer 22

→ long chain of glucose units
→ chain forms spiral (1-4 bonding)

Question 23

Starch structure: amylopectin

Answer 23

→ Glucose units
→ 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
(forms branches)

Branches: allows the enzymes (that break down molecule) to access glycosidic bonds easily.

Meaning glucose can be released quickly

Question 24

Draw diagram of amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 24

Check freeform app (A level biology folder) for diagrams

Question 25

Glycogen structure?

Answer 25

→ long energy store for humans
→ 1-6 glycosidic bonds (branched) → easier to break (branches than chains)
→ breaks down to form alpha glucose
→ quicker source of energy → has more 1-6 bonds

Question 26

Where is glycogen stored

Answer 26

In liver and some muscles

Question 27

Similar structure to amylopectin (more branches tho)

Question 28

Glucose is stored in animals as…?

Answer 28

Glycogen

Question 29

How does structure of glucose relate to its function?

Question 30

How does structure of starch relate to its function?

Question 31

How does structure of glycogen relate to its function?

Question 32

How does structure of cellulose relate to its function?