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Biology > Topic 1 - DNA + Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Topic 1 - DNA + Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA stand for?

A
  • Deoxyribo nucleic acid
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2
Q

DNA structure?

A
  • 1 DNA molecule consists of 2 strands of repeating units (nucleolides)
  • 2 strands twisted into double helix
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3
Q

What’s the monomer of DNA?

A
  • made up of lots of nucleotides (joined together)
  • deoxyribose sugar (DNA)
    -Ribose sugar (RNA)
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4
Q

4 DNA bases?

A
  • Guanine + cytosine
  • adenine + thymine
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5
Q

Purine bases?

A
  • Adenine + guanine
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6
Q

Pyramidine bases?

A
  • Cytosine + thymine + uracil
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7
Q

DNA is a polymer of what?

A
  • is a polymere of mononucleotides
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8
Q

What reaction forms a sugar phosphate bond?

A
  • condensation
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9
Q

Where do mononucleolides join together from?

A
  • Phosphate (of one nucleotide) and phosphate group of adjoining nucleotide
  • Peter to free form for diagram
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10
Q

A base is attached to each sugar molecule

A
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11
Q

What do sugar and phosphate units make up?

A
  • The ‘backbone’ of the nucleic acid
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12
Q

Base pairing:

A strands of double helix held by what type of bonds?
Bonds between the —?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
    -Between the bases
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13
Q

Single hydrogen bond can be —?
Collection they can be —?

A
  • Weak singularly
  • very strong collectively
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14
Q

Hydrogen bonds + phosphodiester bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds = between bases ( nitrogenous bases)

Phosphodiester= 5’ phosphate grp (of one nucleotide) + 3’ hydroxyl grp (of another)

( check freeform for diagram)

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15
Q

Function of DNA?

A
  • heredity material responsible for passing G.I from cell to cell
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16
Q

How DNA adapted to do it’s job?

A
  • Stable
  • strands can separate + self - replicate
  • large molecule that carries lots of info
  • base pairs prevents corruption from outside chemicals or physical forms
17
Q

describe what happens in DNA replication:

A
  • DNA helicase catalayses the breaks down of hydrogen bonds, and seperation of the two DNA strands
  • free nucleotides join onto their complementary base pairs on template strand
  • adjacent nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds catalysed by DNA polymerase
  • Condensation reaction
18
Q

What are the two parts of Protein Synthesis called?

A

-Transcription
-Translocation

19
Q

Protein synthesis

Describe what happens in Transcription:

A

-* mRNA is found in the nucleus*
- RNA polymerase catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen bonds, uncoiling DNA
- Template strand/anti-sense strand
- free nucleotides join onto their complementary base pairs with phosphodiester bonds. cataysed by RNA polymerase
- mRNA moves from nucleus through the pores and attach to ribosomes in cytoplasm ( site of photosynthesis)

20
Q

what comes first
Translocation or Transcription?

A

transcription then photosynthesis

21
Q

Protein synthesis

Describe what happens in Translocation:

A
  • amino acids join to form polypeptide chains
  • mRNA joins to ribosome on RER
  • tRNA molecule with specific amino acid attached to its amino acid binding site, bind to mRNA via its anticodon
  • hydrogen bonds btwn anticodon of tRNA + mRNA
  • happends again- 2 amino acids form a peptide bond
  • 3rd tRNA molecule joins -> first one leaves the ribosome
  • process repeats forming a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached
22
Q

name a start codon

A

AUG

23
Q

what’s a codon?
what do they code for?

A
  • triplet bases
  • amino acids
24
Q

bonds btwn amino acids?

A
  • peptide bonds
25
Q

examples of stop codons:

A
  • UAG
  • UAA
  • UGA
26
Q

not all genomes code for proteins

A
27
Q

what are the non coding regions of DNA called?

A

itrons

28
Q

what are the coding regions of DNA called?

A

extrons

29
Q

Features of genetic code
and why it useful

A
  • non-overlapping -> each triplet read once
  • its degenerate -> more than one triplet codes for one amino acid
    -> reduce effect of mutationd
30
Q

what kind of mutations can be harmful?
give an example and how it was caused

A

sickle celled anaemia - mutated haemoglobin = deformed r.b.c

31
Q

3 types of mutations:

A

deletion (frameshift)
insertion (frameshift)
subsition

32
Q

what does frameshift mean

A

changes everything below that mutation

33
Q

the genetic code is universal. meaning?

A

its the same in all organisms and species

Biology (25 decks)

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