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Question 1

Alveolar dead space

Answer 1

Ventilated but not perfused

Question 2

Hypocalcaemia and muscle contraction

Answer 2

Okay so calcium INIHBITS sodium channels so less calcium means sodium channels are free to depolarise willy nilly so the THRESHOLD DECREASES

Question 3

2,3 - DPG and the oxygen curve

Answer 3

2,3 - DPG decreases haemoglobin and oxygens affinity n all so RIGHT shift

Question 4

Haldane effect

Answer 4

Oxygenated haemoglobin releases CO2 more readily - haldane not a hoe who has threesomes x`

Question 5

Calcitriol

Answer 5

Activated form of vitamin D

Question 6

Calmodulin-calcium complex activates

Answer 6

MLC kinase

Question 7

MLC kinase

Answer 7

Phosphorylates myosin light chain so myosin heads can undergo crossbridge cycling

Question 8

Calmodulin

Answer 8

Calcium-binding protein found in smooth muscle types

Question 9

Depolarisation of muscle fibres

Answer 9

Wave spreads to Sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases stored calcium ions to initiate muscle contraction

Question 10

Hypocalcaemia effects

Answer 10

CATs go numb

Convulsions arrhythmias tetany and numbness

Question 11

More calcium binding to troponin

Answer 11

Decreases length of cardiomyocyte sarcomeres

Question 12

Type of epithelium not found in respiratory tree

Answer 12

Transitional

Question 13

Intrinsic factor

Answer 13

For vitamin B12 absorption

Question 14

Zone 1 apices V/Q ratio

Answer 14

Lowest ventilation, lowest perfusion, highest v/q

Question 15

Zone 3 bases V/Q ratio

Answer 15

highest ventilation and perfusion lowest V/Q

Question 16

Average cardiac action potential

Answer 16

200-400ms

Question 17

Pernicious anaemia

Answer 17

Most common in vegans n all, B12 deficiency means the body can’t make enough RBC’s

Question 18

Surfactant is a

Answer 18

Phospholipid

Question 19

malignancy pleural effusion

Answer 19

exudative

Question 20

exudative protein content

Answer 20

> 35g/L

Question 21

ARDS

Answer 21

life threatening non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

Question 22

new bilateral pulmonary infiltrates a week after infection

Answer 22

ards

Question 23

causes of diastolic heart failure

Answer 23

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, tamponade and constrictive pericarditis
- the rock playing hockey on the periphery of the pitch with a tampon in

Question 24

cause of systolic heart failure

Answer 24

ischaemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and infiltration
midi

Question 25

BNP

Answer 25

Released by ventricles in response to myocardial stretch

Question 26

adenosine

Answer 26

known vasodilator

Question 27

Beta 2 adrenoceptor activation mediated

Answer 27

Bronchodilation

Question 28

Beta 1 adrenoceptor mediated

Answer 28

Heart contraction and force

Question 29

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor mediated

Answer 29

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 30

Alpha 2 adrenoceptor mediated

Answer 30

Decrease in gut peristalsis

Question 31

Left axis deviation and poor R wave progression

Answer 31

LVH

Question 32

Mitral - pan-systolic murmur, louder in inspiration

Answer 32

REGURGITATION

Question 33

Mitral - mid-diastolic and loudest in expiration

Answer 33

STENOSIS

Question 34

Commonest cause of sudden cardiac death in young people

Answer 34

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 35

Management of of stable ventricular tachycardia

Answer 35

Amiodarone loading dose 300mg IV

Question 36

Oxygen therapy when

Answer 36

> 94%

Question 37

Amiodarone

Answer 37

Pharmacologically reverts patients in vf

Question 38

Retrosternal sharp, eacerbated by lying flat pain

Answer 38

Pericarditis

Question 39

Terlipressin

Answer 39

Vasopressin analogue causing splanchnic vasoconstriction

Question 40

Fibro-obliterative scarring of the biliary tree

Answer 40

PSC