hi, these too x Flashcards
Mantoux test
Tests for TB
Suspected legionnaire’s disease
Urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay test
Stimulates activation of central chemoreceptors
Hydrogen ions
Pre-hepatic jaundice
Excessive RBC breakdown overwhelms the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin
Pre-hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin
Unconjugated
Hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin
Both
Post-hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin
conjugated
Post hepatic jaundice cause
Pathway of bilirubin in biliary tree is obstructed, conjugated bilirubin seeps into bloodstream
Pre hepatic jaundice cause
Excessive RBC breakdown overwhelms liver with unconjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin seeps into bloodstream
Hepatic jaundice cause
Liver itself is impaired and cannot conjugate bilirubin OR pressure in liver is to high
Frank-starling law
As end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume increases
Protein digested by
Pepsin
Pepsin secreted by
Chief cells in the stomach
Bradykinin
Vasodilator
2 ways angiotensin II increases BP
Acts on receptors in vascular smooth muscle AND stimulates aldosterone production that increases water reabsorption
Glucose travels from lumen via
active transport via SGLT1
Pancreatic lipase
Hydrolyses triglycerides into 2-monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids
Trypsinogen
Activated in SI to trypsin which activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin. BUT MAINLY THEY DIGEST PROTEINS INTO PEPTIDES
Amylase
Hydrolyses starch to maltose
Law of LaPlace
Smaller the radius of a sphere (alveoli lol) the greater the surface tension and collapsing pressure
Presence of surfactant, why?
Reduces surface tension and reduces collapsing pressure aaaaand improves lung compliance
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid bodies and aortic arch
An excess of saline reduces
Haemoglobin concentration
Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by
Destruction of alveolar endothelium by neutrophils
Citric acid cycle location
Mitochondrial matrix
The T lymphocytes activated in asthma mainly belong to ____ variant
Th2
Sarcomeres
Contractile units of cardiac myocytes
SPP: For every 1 ATP used
3 sodium out 2 potassium in
Ryanodine receptors
Hold calcium in intracellular stores
Ryanodine receptors activated by
Calcium ions entering the L-type DHPR calcium channel from extracellular space
Isovolumetric contraction
All valves closed and ventricles contract
Isovolumetric relaxation
All valves closed and ventricles relax
Angiotensin II stimulates
Secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
Spironolactone and eplerenone
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
Ticagrelor
P2Y12 receptor antagonist which reduces platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
LV ejection fraction
SV divided by end-diastolic volume
SV =
end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume
Use ACE inhibitors for hypertension
Under 55s and t2 diabetics
Blood flow =
Change in pressure / resistance
5 Fs of gall stone risk
Fat Female Fertile Fair Forty
Worse after fatty foods
Biliary colic
reactive hyperaemia
vasodilation and transient increase in blood flow that occurs in response to tissue ischaemia
vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
a protein expressed on the endothelial cells of the internal surface of blood vessels in response to pro-atherosclerotic conditions, not expressed under baseline
Inferior MI artery
Right coronary artery
Inferior Mi leads
II, III and avf
Lateral MI artery
left circumflex
Lateral MI leads
I, V5-6
Rovsings sign
Appendicitis, palpation in the left lower quadrant of a patient’s abdomen causes pain in the right lower quadrant
Murphys sign
Gallbladder inflammation, upper border of the examiner’s hand in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the rib cage. Inhalation causes the gallbladder to descend which catches on the fingers causing pain.
Thiazide / thiazide like drugs
inhibits sodium reabsorption by blocking the Na+-Cl− symporter at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule
