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do these cards > formative mistakes > Flashcards

formative mistakes Flashcards

1
Q

What type of antibody binds to and activates mast cells

A

IgE

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2
Q

Type of antibody that exists as a dimer in breast milk

A

IgA

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3
Q

Lab technique used to monitor viral load in patient’s blood

A

PCR amplifies HIV genome in blood sample

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4
Q

Anti-microbial protein secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

A

Defensin

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5
Q

Defensin

A

Small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes and assist in killing cells

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6
Q

Fab fragment

A

Region of B cell that binds to the antigen

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7
Q

Kill pathogens via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis

A

MAC

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8
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Internalisation of fluids cells through invagination of the cell membrane

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9
Q

Protein expressed on cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

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10
Q

Protein expressed on helper T cells

A

CD4

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11
Q

PAMPs recognised by

A

PRRs and TLRs

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12
Q

Endotoxin

A

Outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide released by gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

Prokaryote that produces spores

A

c diff

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14
Q

Predominant cell type in a granuloma

A

Macrophage

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15
Q

2 cell types predominantly found in granulation tissue

A

Endothelial cells and immature fibroblasts

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16
Q

Type of necrosis in CNS

A

Liquefactive

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17
Q

Blood supply to transverse colon

A

Middle colic artery

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18
Q

Sigmoid mucosa histology

A

Simple columnar

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19
Q

Fetal part of human placenta derived from

A

Trophoblast

20
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Bind to intracellular receptor which activates gene expression in the nucleus

21
Q

Substance in the body that directly stimulates protein kinase A

A

cAMP

22
Q

What explains the rapid contraction of human muscle cells producing lactic acid

A

Cells have to convert NADH to NAD+

23
Q

Cell type primarily targeted by statins

A

Hepatocytes

24
Q

Statins

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that reduces plasma cholesterol levels

25
Q

G protein signalling terminated by

A

Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP at the alpha subunit

26
Q

Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels

A
27
Q

Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels

A

Ion channels

28
Q

Main way increase in sympathetic outflow leads to an increase in pre-load

A

Increase in renin secretion

29
Q

Renin

A

Mediates volume of extracellular fluid and arterial vasoconstriction

30
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Transporter couples movement of an ion down its concentration gradient with the movement of a another molecule against its concentration gradient

31
Q

Primary active transport

A

Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy from ATP

32
Q

Symports

A

2 molecules same direction

33
Q

Antiports

A

2 molecules different directions

34
Q

Cell initially involved with lipid uptake in the vessel wall

A

Macrophage

35
Q

Macrophages formed by

A

Differentiation of monocytes

36
Q

Pathophysiological mechanism that leads to oedema in RS heart failure

A

Increased venuole hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

Mechanism of action of GTN

A

Metabolised to NO, activates Guanylyl Cyclase, GTP to c GMP, protein Kinase G, Myosin Phosphate, CrossBridges, Vasodilation

Norman makes a GC and invites everyone to Get To Party to camp GlaMP, Kevin Gavin wants to go but Mary Poppins is not. she burns bridges with them and they spread apart

38
Q

Most likely pathogen IV drug user

A

Staph Aureus

39
Q

Diagnostic test for DVT

A

Doppler ultrasound of leg vein

40
Q

First-line drugs for reduction of serum cholesterol

A

Statins

41
Q

Why prescribe amlodipine and not ACE/ARBs to African-Caribbean patients

A

They have low renin-system activity

42
Q

Aortic stenosis associated with

A

LV HYPERTROPHY, Mitral stenosis and endocarditis

43
Q

Thrombus in LA usually a result of

A

left trial arrhythmias

44
Q

Amlodipine likely to cause

A

Ankle swelling

45
Q

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

A

Left ventricle lost ability to relax normally - diastolic dysfunction

46
Q

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

A

Left ventricle loses ability to contract - systolic dysfunction

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