formative mistakes Flashcards
What type of antibody binds to and activates mast cells
IgE
Type of antibody that exists as a dimer in breast milk
IgA
Lab technique used to monitor viral load in patient’s blood
PCR amplifies HIV genome in blood sample
Anti-microbial protein secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces
Defensin
Defensin
Small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes and assist in killing cells
Fab fragment
Region of B cell that binds to the antigen
Kill pathogens via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis
MAC
Pinocytosis
Internalisation of fluids cells through invagination of the cell membrane
Protein expressed on cytotoxic T cells
CD8
Protein expressed on helper T cells
CD4
PAMPs recognised by
PRRs and TLRs
Endotoxin
Outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide released by gram-negative bacteria
Prokaryote that produces spores
c diff
Predominant cell type in a granuloma
Macrophage
2 cell types predominantly found in granulation tissue
Endothelial cells and immature fibroblasts
Type of necrosis in CNS
Liquefactive
Blood supply to transverse colon
Middle colic artery
Sigmoid mucosa histology
Simple columnar
Fetal part of human placenta derived from
Trophoblast
Steroid hormones
Bind to intracellular receptor which activates gene expression in the nucleus
Substance in the body that directly stimulates protein kinase A
cAMP
What explains the rapid contraction of human muscle cells producing lactic acid
Cells have to convert NADH to NAD+
Cell type primarily targeted by statins
Hepatocytes
Statins
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that reduces plasma cholesterol levels
G protein signalling terminated by
Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP at the alpha subunit
Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels
Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels
Ion channels
Main way increase in sympathetic outflow leads to an increase in pre-load
Increase in renin secretion
Renin
Mediates volume of extracellular fluid and arterial vasoconstriction
Secondary active transport
Transporter couples movement of an ion down its concentration gradient with the movement of a another molecule against its concentration gradient
Primary active transport
Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy from ATP
Symports
2 molecules same direction
Antiports
2 molecules different directions
Cell initially involved with lipid uptake in the vessel wall
Macrophage
Macrophages formed by
Differentiation of monocytes
Pathophysiological mechanism that leads to oedema in RS heart failure
Increased venuole hydrostatic pressure
Mechanism of action of GTN
Metabolised to NO, activates Guanylyl Cyclase, GTP to c GMP, protein Kinase G, Myosin Phosphate, CrossBridges, Vasodilation
Norman makes a GC and invites everyone to Get To Party to camp GlaMP, Kevin Gavin wants to go but Mary Poppins is not. she burns bridges with them and they spread apart
Most likely pathogen IV drug user
Staph Aureus
Diagnostic test for DVT
Doppler ultrasound of leg vein
First-line drugs for reduction of serum cholesterol
Statins
Why prescribe amlodipine and not ACE/ARBs to African-Caribbean patients
They have low renin-system activity
Aortic stenosis associated with
LV HYPERTROPHY, Mitral stenosis and endocarditis
Thrombus in LA usually a result of
left trial arrhythmias
Amlodipine likely to cause
Ankle swelling
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Left ventricle lost ability to relax normally - diastolic dysfunction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Left ventricle loses ability to contract - systolic dysfunction
