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1
Q

Phases of gastric acid secretion

A

Cephalic - smell/taste
Gastric - distension of stomach
Intestinal - food in duodenum

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2
Q

Increases gastric acid secretion

A

Vagal nerve stimulation
Gastrin release
Histamine release

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3
Q

Decreases gastric acid secretion

A

Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release)
CCK
Secretin

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4
Q

pH of gastric acid

A

Around 2

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5
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal connection or passageway that connects 2 organs of vessels

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6
Q

Flat diaphragm on chest X-ray

A

Long-standing COPD

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7
Q

Depletion of of goblet cells

A

Ulcerative colitis

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8
Q

Increase in number of goblet cells

A

Crohns

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9
Q

Deep ulceration

A

Crohn’s

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10
Q

Granulomas present

A

Crohn’s

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11
Q

Transmural inflammation

A

Crohn’s

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12
Q

Mucosal and submucosal inflammation

A

Ulcerative colitis

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13
Q

Digoxin mechanism of action

A

Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and improves contractility

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14
Q

Embryological structure giving rise to AV and all valves

A

Endocardial cushion

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15
Q

Foramen ovale gives rise to

A

Fossa ovalis

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16
Q

Ductus arteriosus gives rise to

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

17
Q

Bulbus cordis gives rise to

A

Right ventricle and smooth parts of left vetricle

18
Q

Whipple’s procedure

A

Removes head of pancreas, portion of bile duct, gallbladder and duodenum, part of stomach

19
Q

Oesophageal hiatus level

A

T10

20
Q

Aortic hiatus

A

T12

21
Q

Vena cava foramen

A

T8

22
Q

Lower oxygen delivery, shift to left

A

LOW H+ / pCO2 / 2,3-DPG / temperature, HbF / methaemoglobin / carboxyhaemoglobin

23
Q

TLC =

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

24
Q

Cardiac preload

A

End diastolic volume

25
Q

Cardiac afterload

A

Aortic pressure

26
Q

Supply to posterior aspect of stomach

A

Splenic artery

27
Q

Level of the larynx

A

C3-6

28
Q

A wave of JVP

A

Atrial contraction

29
Q

C wave of JVP

A

Closure of tricuspid valve and rv contraction

30
Q

V wave of JVP

A

Passive filling of blood into atrium, RA relaxed

31
Q

Rise in JVP during inspiration

A

constrictive pericarditis

32
Q

Y descent of JVP

A

Passive emptying of atrium

33
Q

X descent of JVP

A

Opening of tricuspid valve

34
Q

Aortic baroreceptors location

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

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