and here

Question 1

Phases of gastric acid secretion

Answer 1

Cephalic - smell/taste
Gastric - distension of stomach
Intestinal - food in duodenum

Question 2

Increases gastric acid secretion

Answer 2

Vagal nerve stimulation
Gastrin release
Histamine release

Question 3

Decreases gastric acid secretion

Answer 3

Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release)
CCK
Secretin

Question 4

pH of gastric acid

Answer 4

Around 2

Question 5

Fistula

Answer 5

Abnormal connection or passageway that connects 2 organs of vessels

Question 6

Flat diaphragm on chest X-ray

Answer 6

Long-standing COPD

Question 7

Depletion of of goblet cells

Answer 7

Ulcerative colitis

Question 8

Increase in number of goblet cells

Answer 8

Crohns

Question 9

Deep ulceration

Answer 9

Crohn’s

Question 10

Granulomas present

Answer 10

Crohn’s

Question 11

Transmural inflammation

Answer 11

Crohn’s

Question 12

Mucosal and submucosal inflammation

Answer 12

Ulcerative colitis

Question 13

Digoxin mechanism of action

Answer 13

Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and improves contractility

Question 14

Embryological structure giving rise to AV and all valves

Answer 14

Endocardial cushion

Question 15

Foramen ovale gives rise to

Answer 15

Fossa ovalis

Question 16

Ductus arteriosus gives rise to

Answer 16

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 17

Bulbus cordis gives rise to

Answer 17

Right ventricle and smooth parts of left vetricle

Question 18

Whipple’s procedure

Answer 18

Removes head of pancreas, portion of bile duct, gallbladder and duodenum, part of stomach

Question 19

Oesophageal hiatus level

Answer 19

T10

Question 20

Aortic hiatus

Answer 20

T12

Question 21

Vena cava foramen

Answer 21

T8

Question 22

Lower oxygen delivery, shift to left

Answer 22

LOW H+ / pCO2 / 2,3-DPG / temperature, HbF / methaemoglobin / carboxyhaemoglobin

Question 23

TLC =

Answer 23

Vital capacity + residual volume

Question 24

Cardiac preload

Answer 24

End diastolic volume

Question 25

Cardiac afterload

Answer 25

Aortic pressure

Question 26

Supply to posterior aspect of stomach

Answer 26

Splenic artery

Question 27

Level of the larynx

Answer 27

C3-6

Question 28

A wave of JVP

Answer 28

Atrial contraction

Question 29

C wave of JVP

Answer 29

Closure of tricuspid valve and rv contraction

Question 30

V wave of JVP

Answer 30

Passive filling of blood into atrium, RA relaxed

Question 31

Rise in JVP during inspiration

Answer 31

constrictive pericarditis

Question 32

Y descent of JVP

Answer 32

Passive emptying of atrium

Question 33

X descent of JVP

Answer 33

Opening of tricuspid valve

Question 34

Aortic baroreceptors location

Answer 34

Carotid sinus and aortic arch