Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

zDrugs 2020 > Tobacco > Flashcards

Tobacco Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first civilization to use tobacco?

A

mayans in central america, 300AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when was tobacco introduced to europe?

A

1500s brought back from america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what were the progressive types of popular ways to consume tobacco?

A 
1600s- pipe smoking
1700s- snuff 
early 1800s- chewing 
mid 1800s- cigars 
late 1800s- cigarettes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did james bonsack invent that created immense popularity in smoking in 1880s?

A

cigarette machine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were the 4 ‘cushions on the sofa of pleasure’?

A

tobacco, coffee, wine, opium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who was lucy gaston?

A

created an anti cigarette league in the US in 1899

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the peak of smoking in the population was what year range?

A

1950s and 1960s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what information was released about cigarettes in 1964?

A

that cigarettes were related to cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the current rate of smokers in the population in canada?

A

18% (22% males, 16% females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much is an average price of a carton of cigarettes? (10 packs, 20 cigarettes per pack)

A

about 80 dollars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which drug is most detrimental to the health care system costs?

A

tobacco related illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many of the canadians that died of substance related problems were tobacco users?

A

37 000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

t/f: a person’s life is shortened 30 minutes every cigarette smoked

A

false, its every 14 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many years earlier do smokers die?

A

12 years earlier than non smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is mainstream smoke?

A

smoke exhaled by the smoker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is sidestream smoke?

A

smoke that emanates from lit tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is second hand smoke a combination of?

A

mainstream+ sidestream smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

living/working around second hand smoke increases risk of heart disease or cancer to what percent?

A

30% higher risk of heart disease or cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the 3rd leading preventable cause of death?

A

second hand smoke, otherwise called environmental smoke (smoking and alcohol deaths are 1st and 2nd )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

does exposure to second hand smoke increase babies risk of SIDS?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what SDOH influence likelihood to smoke?

A

genetic, age, low SES, less education, ^ alcohol and caffeine consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why do 39% of female smokers smoke?

A

weight control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some of the psychological factors that attribute to smokers?

A

low agreeableness, extroverted, more anxiety, less self control, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the link between adverse childhood experiences and smoking?

A

seen as a form of relief from unpleasant experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

do people with or without mental disorders smoke more?

A

non mental disorder : 23%

mental disorder : 41%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which part of smoking has antidepressant effects?

A

nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

who is nicotine named after?

A

jean nicot, the french ambassador (in early 1800’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how can nicotine be absorped into the body?

A

inhalation is most effective

can also penetrate through skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the main metabolite of nicotine?

A

cotinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

can cotinine be found in urine?

A

yes, used as a marker for tobacco use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what percentage of inhaled nicotine is excreted unchanged?

A

30-40%

depends on urinary pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is nicotine an acid or a base?

A

a base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how would you reduce the excretion of nioctine from urine?

A

make the urine more basic, more reabsorption happens so less nicotine intake is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the most frequent mental disorder comorbid with smoking?

A

depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how does stress change the urine and thus smoking habits under stress?

A

stress acidifies urine, which leads to more nicotine excreted from the body, therefore more smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what receptors does nicotine activate?

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where are the nicotinic receptors located?

A

on dopamine neurons (between VTA and NA in prefrontal cortex)

38
Q

t/f: nicotine does not stimulate release of dopamine

A

false, it does stim. release of dopamine

39
Q

what is the purpose of GABA?

A

to inhibit the release of dopamine, regulates it

40
Q

how does nicotine interact with GABA?

A

it blocks negative feedback of GABA, which allows dopamine release to continue

41
Q

how much nicotine is in an average cigarette?

A

0.5-2 mg of nicotine

42
Q

what is smoking topography?

A

chars that determine how a cigarette is smoked, ex. depth and volume of inhale, how long smoke is held in lungs, filter holes covered/uncovered, etc

43
Q

what is a cigarette smoking machine?

A

a method to determine how much tar, nicotine, etc is smoked from each cigarette

44
Q

why are cigarettes no longer allowed to be labelled as ‘mild’?

A

the smoking topography could null the ‘mild’ aspect of it depending on how you smoke it

45
Q

how could a smoker get more nicotine, tar, etc from a ‘light’ cigarette?

A

light cigarettes have holes in the filters, the air sucked in dilutes the smoke. if you cover the holes, it makes it worse than normal cigarettes

46
Q

what is the lethal dose of nicotine?

A

60mg in an adult

47
Q

how many lethal doses of nicotine are found in cigars?

A

2 lethal doses

but not all of it is inhaled

48
Q

what are the 2 worst compounds that are damaging in cigarettes?

A

tar and carbon monoxide

49
Q

define tar

A

any substance in tobacco smoke other than nicotine and carbon monoxide

50
Q

which is more damaging, smoking tobacco or weed?

A

weed has more tar, and hold it in longer which exposes lungs to more toxic chemicals

51
Q

how is carbon monoxide damaging in the body?

A

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, and reduces blood’s ability to carry oxygen

52
Q

how much oxygen capacity of blood does smoking one cigar reduce?

A

1 cigar = 250 cc of blood

53
Q

does nicotine inhibit or enhance performance in concentration tasks?

A

enhances long term concentration tasks

54
Q

what is the stroop task?

A

names of colour words printed in different colours than written

55
Q

how would nicotine benefit elderly with alzheimers?

A

alleviates some cognitive effects of aging and dementia

56
Q

what is attentional bias in substance use?

A

when having a substance use disorder creates biased attention to drug-related stimuli

57
Q

what is the modified stroop task?

A

used to study attentional bias–> stroop words but separated into target words (ex. depression- unhappy, cloudy, etc ) and neutral words (ex. hat, calendar, etc)

58
Q

what is the purpose of the modified stroop task?

A

to determine if ‘disorders’ have an attentional bias to stimuli related to the disorder

59
Q

what is mecamylamine ?

A

blocks nicotine receptors

60
Q

what is rimonabant?

A

blocks cannaboid receptors

61
Q

what is naloxone ?

A

blocks opiate receptors

62
Q

nicotine is a reliable reinforcer in what 2 ways?

A

1) self administration

2) conditioned place preference

63
Q

what is the only form of tolerance that develops for nicotine?

A

physical/ physiological tolerance

64
Q

does nicotine create a tolerance for psychoactive effects?

A

no evidence of tolerance for performance or dopamine releasing effects

65
Q

what kind of withdrawal symptoms are associated with nicotine withdrawal in RATS?

A

teeth chattering, abdomen writhing, gasping, chewing, wet dog shakes, tremours, ptosis (drooping eyelids)

66
Q

what is withdrawal symptoms for nicotine withdrawal in HUMANS?

A

negative mood, decrease in arousal, sleep disturbed, restless, irritable, headache, increased appetite, craving for cigarettes

67
Q

what is the timespan that peole experience withdrawal symptoms?

A

10 to 30 days

68
Q

how frequent are smoker relapses?

A

relapse rate is 80% within 1 year

69
Q

what attributes decrease chance to relapse?

A

older age, male, married, higher self efficacy

70
Q

do men or women find it more difficult to quit smoking?

A

women -harder to quit and stay abstinent

71
Q

which sex smokes more for nicotine than for other reasons?

A

men smoke more for nicotine, women more for the social aesthetic, conditioning, etc

72
Q

nicotine replacement therapy is more effective in which sex?

A

men- better reduces withdrawal symptoms and continues abstinence

73
Q

what is nicotine replacement therapy?

A

nicotine delivered in some method other than smoking, maintaining nicotine levels in blood to reduce withdrawal symptoms that may promote relapse

74
Q

what are the most common nicotine replacement therapy methods?

A

transdermal patch and chewing gum

75
Q

is nicotine replacement therapy effective in smoking cessation?

A

success is relatively low -more factors to smoking than just nicotine (ie. its a habit)

76
Q

what is bupropion also known as?

A

also known as zyban, wellbutrin

-also an antidepressant

77
Q

what is burpropion?

A

a nicotinic receptor antagonist, blocks dopamine reuptake

78
Q

what is the definition of successfully quitting smoking?

A

6 months to 1 year abstinence post treatment

79
Q

what is varenicline also known as?

A

champix/chantix

80
Q

what is varenicline?

A

a partial receptor agonist for nicotinic receptors

81
Q

how does varenicline work to cessate smoking?

A

attaches to nicotine receptors but doesnt produce same lvl off agonism (aka activation) as nicotine
-nicotine cant attach when varenicline is attached so r educed nicotine stimulation/need

82
Q

which is the most effective method to quit smoking?

A

varenicline -treats withdrawal symptoms and cravings

83
Q

what % of women smoke whilst pregnant?

A

20%

84
Q

what risks are associated with smoking whilst pregnant?

A

spontaneous abortion, still birth, premature birth, low birthweight, stabismus (cross eyed)

85
Q

what affects does a mother smoking have on the child later on?

A

developmental delays in learning, agressive and behavioural problem behaviour, increased ADD/ADHD

86
Q

how many cigarettes is assoc. with clear increased risk for child defects?

A

10 or more cigarettes a day

87
Q

how does 1 cigarette affect the growing fetus’s breathing?

A

decreases breathing by 50%

88
Q

how does nicotine affect fetus blood flow?

A

nicotine creates vasoconstriction, uterus gets less blood

89
Q

how does cellular hypoxia affect the fetus ?

A

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and reduces ability to carry oxygen in the blood

90
Q

do smoking fathers have an affect on the fetus as well?

A

yes, smoking depletes vit C in sperm. sperm with low vit c are likely to be abnormal (related to birth defects)

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions