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zDrugs 2020 > Tobacco > Flashcards

Tobacco Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first civilization to use tobacco?

A

mayans in central america, 300AD

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2
Q

when was tobacco introduced to europe?

A

1500s brought back from america

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3
Q

what were the progressive types of popular ways to consume tobacco?

A 
1600s- pipe smoking
1700s- snuff 
early 1800s- chewing 
mid 1800s- cigars 
late 1800s- cigarettes
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4
Q

what did james bonsack invent that created immense popularity in smoking in 1880s?

A

cigarette machine

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5
Q

what were the 4 ‘cushions on the sofa of pleasure’?

A

tobacco, coffee, wine, opium

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6
Q

who was lucy gaston?

A

created an anti cigarette league in the US in 1899

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7
Q

the peak of smoking in the population was what year range?

A

1950s and 1960s

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8
Q

what information was released about cigarettes in 1964?

A

that cigarettes were related to cancer

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9
Q

what is the current rate of smokers in the population in canada?

A

18% (22% males, 16% females)

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10
Q

how much is an average price of a carton of cigarettes? (10 packs, 20 cigarettes per pack)

A

about 80 dollars

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11
Q

which drug is most detrimental to the health care system costs?

A

tobacco related illness

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12
Q

how many of the canadians that died of substance related problems were tobacco users?

A

37 000

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13
Q

t/f: a person’s life is shortened 30 minutes every cigarette smoked

A

false, its every 14 minutes

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14
Q

how many years earlier do smokers die?

A

12 years earlier than non smokers

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15
Q

what is mainstream smoke?

A

smoke exhaled by the smoker

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16
Q

what is sidestream smoke?

A

smoke that emanates from lit tobacco

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17
Q

what is second hand smoke a combination of?

A

mainstream+ sidestream smoke

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18
Q

living/working around second hand smoke increases risk of heart disease or cancer to what percent?

A

30% higher risk of heart disease or cancer

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19
Q

what is the 3rd leading preventable cause of death?

A

second hand smoke, otherwise called environmental smoke (smoking and alcohol deaths are 1st and 2nd )

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20
Q

does exposure to second hand smoke increase babies risk of SIDS?

A

yes

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21
Q

what SDOH influence likelihood to smoke?

A

genetic, age, low SES, less education, ^ alcohol and caffeine consumption

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22
Q

why do 39% of female smokers smoke?

A

weight control

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23
Q

what are some of the psychological factors that attribute to smokers?

A

low agreeableness, extroverted, more anxiety, less self control, etc

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24
Q

what is the link between adverse childhood experiences and smoking?

A

seen as a form of relief from unpleasant experiences

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25
do people with or without mental disorders smoke more?
non mental disorder : 23% | mental disorder : 41%
26
which part of smoking has antidepressant effects?
nicotine
27
who is nicotine named after?
jean nicot, the french ambassador (in early 1800's)
28
how can nicotine be absorped into the body?
inhalation is most effective | can also penetrate through skin
29
what is the main metabolite of nicotine?
cotinine
30
can cotinine be found in urine?
yes, used as a marker for tobacco use
31
what percentage of inhaled nicotine is excreted unchanged?
30-40% | depends on urinary pH
32
is nicotine an acid or a base?
a base
33
how would you reduce the excretion of nioctine from urine?
make the urine more basic, more reabsorption happens so less nicotine intake is needed
34
what is the most frequent mental disorder comorbid with smoking?
depression
35
how does stress change the urine and thus smoking habits under stress?
stress acidifies urine, which leads to more nicotine excreted from the body, therefore more smoking
36
what receptors does nicotine activate?
nicotinic cholinergic receptors
37
where are the nicotinic receptors located?
on dopamine neurons (between VTA and NA in prefrontal cortex)
38
t/f: nicotine does not stimulate release of dopamine
false, it does stim. release of dopamine
39
what is the purpose of GABA?
to inhibit the release of dopamine, regulates it
40
how does nicotine interact with GABA?
it blocks negative feedback of GABA, which allows dopamine release to continue
41
how much nicotine is in an average cigarette?
0.5-2 mg of nicotine
42
what is smoking topography?
chars that determine how a cigarette is smoked, ex. depth and volume of inhale, how long smoke is held in lungs, filter holes covered/uncovered, etc
43
what is a cigarette smoking machine?
a method to determine how much tar, nicotine, etc is smoked from each cigarette
44
why are cigarettes no longer allowed to be labelled as 'mild'?
the smoking topography could null the 'mild' aspect of it depending on how you smoke it
45
how could a smoker get more nicotine, tar, etc from a 'light' cigarette?
light cigarettes have holes in the filters, the air sucked in dilutes the smoke. if you cover the holes, it makes it worse than normal cigarettes
46
what is the lethal dose of nicotine?
60mg in an adult
47
how many lethal doses of nicotine are found in cigars?
2 lethal doses | but not all of it is inhaled
48
what are the 2 worst compounds that are damaging in cigarettes?
tar and carbon monoxide
49
define tar
any substance in tobacco smoke other than nicotine and carbon monoxide
50
which is more damaging, smoking tobacco or weed?
weed has more tar, and hold it in longer which exposes lungs to more toxic chemicals
51
how is carbon monoxide damaging in the body?
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, and reduces blood's ability to carry oxygen
52
how much oxygen capacity of blood does smoking one cigar reduce?
1 cigar = 250 cc of blood
53
does nicotine inhibit or enhance performance in concentration tasks?
enhances long term concentration tasks
54
what is the stroop task?
names of colour words printed in different colours than written
55
how would nicotine benefit elderly with alzheimers?
alleviates some cognitive effects of aging and dementia
56
what is attentional bias in substance use?
when having a substance use disorder creates biased attention to drug-related stimuli
57
what is the modified stroop task?
used to study attentional bias--> stroop words but separated into target words (ex. depression- unhappy, cloudy, etc ) and neutral words (ex. hat, calendar, etc)
58
what is the purpose of the modified stroop task?
to determine if 'disorders' have an attentional bias to stimuli related to the disorder
59
what is mecamylamine ?
blocks nicotine receptors
60
what is rimonabant?
blocks cannaboid receptors
61
what is naloxone ?
blocks opiate receptors
62
nicotine is a reliable reinforcer in what 2 ways?
1) self administration | 2) conditioned place preference
63
what is the only form of tolerance that develops for nicotine?
physical/ physiological tolerance
64
does nicotine create a tolerance for psychoactive effects?
no evidence of tolerance for performance or dopamine releasing effects
65
what kind of withdrawal symptoms are associated with nicotine withdrawal in RATS?
teeth chattering, abdomen writhing, gasping, chewing, wet dog shakes, tremours, ptosis (drooping eyelids)
66
what is withdrawal symptoms for nicotine withdrawal in HUMANS?
negative mood, decrease in arousal, sleep disturbed, restless, irritable, headache, increased appetite, craving for cigarettes
67
what is the timespan that peole experience withdrawal symptoms?
10 to 30 days
68
how frequent are smoker relapses?
relapse rate is 80% within 1 year
69
what attributes decrease chance to relapse?
older age, male, married, higher self efficacy
70
do men or women find it more difficult to quit smoking?
women -harder to quit and stay abstinent
71
which sex smokes more for nicotine than for other reasons?
men smoke more for nicotine, women more for the social aesthetic, conditioning, etc
72
nicotine replacement therapy is more effective in which sex?
men- better reduces withdrawal symptoms and continues abstinence
73
what is nicotine replacement therapy?
nicotine delivered in some method other than smoking, maintaining nicotine levels in blood to reduce withdrawal symptoms that may promote relapse
74
what are the most common nicotine replacement therapy methods?
transdermal patch and chewing gum
75
is nicotine replacement therapy effective in smoking cessation?
success is relatively low -more factors to smoking than just nicotine (ie. its a habit)
76
what is bupropion also known as?
also known as zyban, wellbutrin | -also an antidepressant
77
what is burpropion?
a nicotinic receptor antagonist, blocks dopamine reuptake
78
what is the definition of successfully quitting smoking?
6 months to 1 year abstinence post treatment
79
what is varenicline also known as?
champix/chantix
80
what is varenicline?
a partial receptor agonist for nicotinic receptors
81
how does varenicline work to cessate smoking?
attaches to nicotine receptors but doesnt produce same lvl off agonism (aka activation) as nicotine -nicotine cant attach when varenicline is attached so r educed nicotine stimulation/need
82
which is the most effective method to quit smoking?
varenicline -treats withdrawal symptoms and cravings
83
what % of women smoke whilst pregnant?
20%
84
what risks are associated with smoking whilst pregnant?
spontaneous abortion, still birth, premature birth, low birthweight, stabismus (cross eyed)
85
what affects does a mother smoking have on the child later on?
developmental delays in learning, agressive and behavioural problem behaviour, increased ADD/ADHD
86
how many cigarettes is assoc. with clear increased risk for child defects?
10 or more cigarettes a day
87
how does 1 cigarette affect the growing fetus's breathing?
decreases breathing by 50%
88
how does nicotine affect fetus blood flow?
nicotine creates vasoconstriction, uterus gets less blood
89
how does cellular hypoxia affect the fetus ?
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and reduces ability to carry oxygen in the blood
90
do smoking fathers have an affect on the fetus as well?
yes, smoking depletes vit C in sperm. sperm with low vit c are likely to be abnormal (related to birth defects)

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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