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zDrugs 2020 > Drugs General Introduction > Flashcards

Drugs General Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

how many names do drugs normally have?

A

Four

  • chemical
  • generic
  • trade
  • street
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2
Q

chemical name

A

the molecule type and chemical groups on the molecule

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3
Q

why is knowing chemical names important?

A

helps you understand how drugs are related and their functions

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4
Q

generic name/nonproprietary name

A

commonly used name for drug, can be used by any company

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5
Q

trade name/proprietary name

A

created by a company, can only be used by that company

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6
Q

how many trade names can a drug have?

A

several, if the patents expire they create new ones

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7
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the various methods of administering drugs and it exerting effects on the body

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8
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the proces of the drug interacting with receptors

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9
Q

what are the 5 steps of pharmacokinetics?

A
  • administration
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • elimination
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10
Q

how many methods of drug administration are there?

A

5 in total

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11
Q

what are the 5 methods of drug administration?

A
  • oral
  • absorption (mucous membranes/skin)
  • inhalation (pulmonary)
  • injection (IV or subcutaneous/muscular)
  • intraperitoneal/intraventricular (in animal tests)
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12
Q

how are drugs taken orally?

A

pass through the stomach/small intestine into bloodstream

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13
Q

can drugs be absorbed in the stomach?

A

some yes, but most drugs are destroyed in the acid of the stomach

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14
Q

are most drugs alkaline (base)?

A

yes, they become ionized in the stomach and cant be absorbed. they enter the small intestine to be absorbed instead

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15
Q

is the small intestine acidic or alkaline?

A

alkaline - ideal for absorbing drugs

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16
Q

how are drugs absorbed in the small intestine?

A

by simple passive diffusion - high M to low M of substance

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17
Q

where are orally taken drugs rerouted to for metabolization?

A

the liver -a substantial portion may be metabolized there

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18
Q

where can drugs be absorbed thru mucous membranes?

A

nose, eyes, vagina, rectum, skin

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19
Q

what is an example of unintentional vs intentional skin absorption of drugs?

A

scientist accidentally got LSD on his finger and tripped VS. nicotine ‘transdermal’ patch

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20
Q

can inhalation produce damage to the lungs?

A

yes, but very effective administration method

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21
Q

what kinds of drugs can be inhaled?

A

nicotine, THC, solvents

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22
Q

what are 2 common terms for inhaling solvents?

A

huffing and bagging

-spay inhalent into bag and inhale

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23
Q

how fast do inhaled drugs reach the brain?

A

5- 8 seconds

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24
Q

which is faster to administer drugs? IV or inhale?

A

inhale

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25
Q

what are injection administrations most dependent on/

A

the blood flow of injection area

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26
Q

order the following fastest to slowest of injection method based on blood flow:

  • intramuscular
  • subcutaneous
  • intraperitoneal
A

1) intraperitoneal
2) intramuscular
3) intraperitoneal

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27
Q

what is the term used for IV injections in drug subculture?

A

mainlining

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28
Q

what is the term used for subcutaneous injections in drug subculture?

A

skin popping

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29
Q

how do injected drugs reach the bloodstream?

A

diffuse thru pores in capillary walls

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30
Q

how do inhaled drugs reach the bloodstream?

A

diffuse thru pores in capillary walls

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31
Q

how do orally administered drugs reach the bloodstream?

A

in the lining of the stomach/intestines

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32
Q

do orally admin. drugs have to be water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

lipid soluble - no capillary pores in stomach lining or intestines

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33
Q

how long does it take for blood to be circulated (and drugs circulated with it?)

A

about one minute

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34
Q

what influence does ionization have on drug administration?

A

it affects the absorption of the drug. ionized molecules are NOT absorbed

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35
Q

how does ionization work on weak acid drugs?

A

weak acid drugs are ionized in alkaline enviros

they are less ionized in acidic enviros

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36
Q

how does ionization work on weak base drugs?

A

weak base drugs are ionized in acidic enviros

they are less ionized in alkaline enviros

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37
Q

what determines the rate of absorption?

A

the % of non-ionized molecules

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38
Q

T/F the intestines are more acidic than the stomach

A

False, the stomach is more acidic, the intestines become less acidic

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39
Q

are acidic or basic drugs easier to absorb in the digestive system?

A

basic drugs, bc they are less ionized in alkaline enviros (aka intestines)

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40
Q

what influences the onset of drug action?

A

the rate of gastric emptying

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41
Q

are ionized drugs more or less fat soluable?

A

they are less fat soluable

42
Q

what is lipid solubility?

A

the ability for a particle to penetrate cell membranes easily (membranes are made of lipids)

43
Q

what are compounds?

A

compounds that are lipid soluable are also usually unionized

44
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

restricted permeability of brain capillaries

45
Q

what does the blood brain barrier block vs allows in?

A

blocks water soluble and ionized molecules

allows lipid soluble and unionized molecules

46
Q

what other part of the body is similar to the blood brain barrier?

A

the placenta

47
Q

what % will drug M reach in fetal blood within 5 min of mother taking drug?

A

75 - 100%

48
Q

what is receptor binding?

A

a bond formed between charged groups; the groups on the drug will be the opposite of the receptor groups

49
Q

how is the drug effect related to number of receptors?

A

it is proportional - limited to # of receptors

50
Q

is receptor binding reversible or not?

A

yes its reversible. also applicable to neurotransmitters

51
Q

what is an agonist?

A

a drug that mimics effect of a neurotransmitter

  • binds to receptor
  • blocks reuptake
  • stops metabolic breakdown
52
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

reduce the effects of a receptor agonist

-bind to receptors but have no effect

53
Q

what is the purpose of naloxone?

A

it is an opiate receptor antagonist

54
Q

how is agonist activity blocked by another drug?

A

a weaker agonistic drug is binded to the receptors

-stimulates the receptors but lacks the rush

55
Q

what is a dose?

A

a biological response to a drug, based on amt of drug administered

56
Q

how are drug dosages expressed?

A

in milligrams (mg) or by weight (mg/kg)

57
Q

what is the dose response curve? (DRC)

A

common graph representation of drug effects–> compares potency of drugs

  • vertical axis is % of subjects experiencing effects
  • horizontal axis is dose
58
Q

will a more potent drug have a curve to the left or right of a less potent drug?

A

to the left- less dosage will exert more effect

59
Q

what is the ED50 (effective dose)

A

the dose that produces a response in 50% of subjects

60
Q

what is the LD50 (lethal dose)

A

the dose that kills 50% of the subjects

61
Q

what is the therapeutic index?

A

the ratio measuring between the good effects vs the lethal effects
it is the LD50/ ED50

62
Q

would you want a lower or higher ratio of the therapeuitic index?

A

higher ratio–> greater different between lethal and effective dosage

63
Q

what is the margin of safety?

A

a more conservative method of the therapeutic index
it is ratio of LD1/ED99
-LD1 : less drug needed to kill 1% of subjects
-ED99: more drug needed to effect 99% of subjects

64
Q

what number will be higher? therapeutic index or margin of safety?

A

therapeutic index will always be more than margin of safety

65
Q

what is tolerance?

A

the progressive attenuation (reduction of effect) of a drug effect, due to chronic administration

66
Q

how is tolerance displayed in the dose response curve? DRC

A

a shift to the right –> requires more dose to achieve same effect

67
Q

what is sensitization?

A

reverse tolerance; augmentation (increase of effect) of a drug effect

68
Q

how is tolerance displayed in dose response curve?

A

a shift to the left –> need less dose to acheive same effect

69
Q

cross tolerance/corss sensitization

A

a change in response to one drug may transfer to other drugs

70
Q

does tolerance occur to the drug or the drug effect?

A

the drug effect

71
Q

what is physical dependence?

A

when you get withdrawal syndrome (set of symptoms) when you stop the drug

72
Q

negative reinforcement

A

doing a behaviour stops an unpleasant event

ex. taking drug to avoid withdrawal

73
Q

what is addiction called in the DSM ?

A

substance use disorder

-mild to moderate to severe

74
Q

what drugs are included in substance use disorders?

A

alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalents, opiods, sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, other

75
Q

what is the key factor of substance use disorder?

A

use of drug is continued even though there are significant substance-related problems

76
Q

what are the 4 categories to recognize substance use disorder?

A

1) impaired control
2) social impairment
3) risky use
4) pharmacological criteria

77
Q

what is impaired control?

A

cant stop use, take drug in larger amounts than supposed to, daily activities revolve around the substance, craving

78
Q

what is craving?

A

strong urge to take drug, cant think of anything but that

79
Q

what is social impairment

A

miss obligations, give up social aspects due to drug

80
Q

what is risky use?

A

physically dangerous, knows drug is bad but continues use

81
Q

what is pharmacological criteria?

A

tolerance, withdrawal, etc

82
Q

do tolerance and/or withdrawal have to be present in order to diagnose addiction?

A

no, neither

83
Q

how is addiction severity measured?

A

criteria met

mild: 2- 3
moderate: 4 - 5
severe: 6+

84
Q

substance induced disorders

A

a reverseable syndrome that is due to a recent ingestion of the drug ex. intoxication

85
Q

what class of drug is included in SID’s thats not considered SUD?

A

caffeine

86
Q

how are drugs eliminated from the body?

A

the skin, the lungs, the kidneys

87
Q

what is sour alcohol breath?

A

when small % of alcohol is exhaled

88
Q

what is most effective way body eliminates drugs?

A

kidneys–> urine, after liver metabolizes drug

89
Q

what does metabolization in the liver do to the molecules?

A

makes them less lipid soluble, larger, and inactive–> less likely to be reabsorbed into the blood once in kidneys

90
Q

renal reabsorption

A

depends on pH

91
Q

if urine is acidic, what will be excreted ??

A

weak bases (they become ionized in the opposite ph and are stuck in the urine)

92
Q

if urine is basic, what will be excreted?

A

weak acids (they become ionized in the opposite ph and are stuck in the urine)

93
Q

what is elimination half life (t 1/2))

A

the time needed for half the drug dose to be eliminated from the body

94
Q

how many half lives are considered to be ‘drug free’

A

6 half lives–> 98.4%

95
Q

what is the steady state concentration?

A

used medically, 6x time for half life of drug

96
Q

what separates the pre and post synaptic elements?

A

the synaptic cleft (tine space)

97
Q

what does an AP do?

A

release neurotransmitter from presyn. element

98
Q

how does neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft?

A

binds to receptors on post syn,. (transmembrane proteins)

99
Q

what are precursor substances?

A

AA’s available in diet to make neurotransmitters

100
Q

what are synthesizing aents?

A

use precusors to put together transmitters

101
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

in the presyn. in vesicles

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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