Drugs General Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
how many names do drugs normally have?
A
Four
- chemical
- generic
- trade
- street
2
Q
chemical name
A
the molecule type and chemical groups on the molecule
3
Q
why is knowing chemical names important?
A
helps you understand how drugs are related and their functions
4
Q
generic name/nonproprietary name
A
commonly used name for drug, can be used by any company
5
Q
trade name/proprietary name
A
created by a company, can only be used by that company
6
Q
how many trade names can a drug have?
A
several, if the patents expire they create new ones
7
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
the various methods of administering drugs and it exerting effects on the body
8
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
the proces of the drug interacting with receptors
9
Q
what are the 5 steps of pharmacokinetics?
A
- administration
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- elimination
10
Q
how many methods of drug administration are there?
A
5 in total
11
Q
what are the 5 methods of drug administration?
A
- oral
- absorption (mucous membranes/skin)
- inhalation (pulmonary)
- injection (IV or subcutaneous/muscular)
- intraperitoneal/intraventricular (in animal tests)
12
Q
how are drugs taken orally?
A
pass through the stomach/small intestine into bloodstream
13
Q
can drugs be absorbed in the stomach?
A
some yes, but most drugs are destroyed in the acid of the stomach
14
Q
are most drugs alkaline (base)?
A
yes, they become ionized in the stomach and cant be absorbed. they enter the small intestine to be absorbed instead
15
Q
is the small intestine acidic or alkaline?
A
alkaline - ideal for absorbing drugs
16
Q
how are drugs absorbed in the small intestine?
A
by simple passive diffusion - high M to low M of substance
17
Q
where are orally taken drugs rerouted to for metabolization?
A
the liver -a substantial portion may be metabolized there
18
Q
where can drugs be absorbed thru mucous membranes?
A
nose, eyes, vagina, rectum, skin
19
Q
what is an example of unintentional vs intentional skin absorption of drugs?
A
scientist accidentally got LSD on his finger and tripped VS. nicotine ‘transdermal’ patch
20
Q
can inhalation produce damage to the lungs?
A
yes, but very effective administration method
21
Q
what kinds of drugs can be inhaled?
A
nicotine, THC, solvents
22
Q
what are 2 common terms for inhaling solvents?
A
huffing and bagging
-spay inhalent into bag and inhale
23
Q
how fast do inhaled drugs reach the brain?
A
5- 8 seconds
24
Q
which is faster to administer drugs? IV or inhale?
A
inhale
25
what are injection administrations most dependent on/
the blood flow of injection area
26
order the following fastest to slowest of injection method based on blood flow:
- intramuscular
- subcutaneous
- intraperitoneal
1) intraperitoneal
2) intramuscular
3) intraperitoneal
27
what is the term used for IV injections in drug subculture?
mainlining
28
what is the term used for subcutaneous injections in drug subculture?
skin popping
29
how do injected drugs reach the bloodstream?
diffuse thru pores in capillary walls
30
how do inhaled drugs reach the bloodstream?
diffuse thru pores in capillary walls
31
how do orally administered drugs reach the bloodstream?
in the lining of the stomach/intestines
32
do orally admin. drugs have to be water soluble or lipid soluble?
lipid soluble - no capillary pores in stomach lining or intestines
33
how long does it take for blood to be circulated (and drugs circulated with it?)
about one minute
34
what influence does ionization have on drug administration?
it affects the absorption of the drug. ionized molecules are NOT absorbed
35
how does ionization work on weak acid drugs?
weak acid drugs are ionized in alkaline enviros
| they are less ionized in acidic enviros
36
how does ionization work on weak base drugs?
weak base drugs are ionized in acidic enviros
| they are less ionized in alkaline enviros
37
what determines the rate of absorption?
the % of non-ionized molecules
38
T/F the intestines are more acidic than the stomach
False, the stomach is more acidic, the intestines become less acidic
39
are acidic or basic drugs easier to absorb in the digestive system?
basic drugs, bc they are less ionized in alkaline enviros (aka intestines)
40
what influences the onset of drug action?
the rate of gastric emptying
41
are ionized drugs more or less fat soluable?
they are less fat soluable
42
what is lipid solubility?
the ability for a particle to penetrate cell membranes easily (membranes are made of lipids)
43
what are compounds?
compounds that are lipid soluable are also usually unionized
44
what is the blood brain barrier?
restricted permeability of brain capillaries
45
what does the blood brain barrier block vs allows in?
blocks water soluble and ionized molecules
| allows lipid soluble and unionized molecules
46
what other part of the body is similar to the blood brain barrier?
the placenta
47
what % will drug M reach in fetal blood within 5 min of mother taking drug?
75 - 100%
48
what is receptor binding?
a bond formed between charged groups; the groups on the drug will be the opposite of the receptor groups
49
how is the drug effect related to number of receptors?
it is proportional - limited to # of receptors
50
is receptor binding reversible or not?
yes its reversible. also applicable to neurotransmitters
51
what is an agonist?
a drug that mimics effect of a neurotransmitter
- binds to receptor
- blocks reuptake
- stops metabolic breakdown
52
what is an antagonist?
reduce the effects of a receptor agonist
| -bind to receptors but have no effect
53
what is the purpose of naloxone?
it is an opiate receptor antagonist
54
how is agonist activity blocked by another drug?
a weaker agonistic drug is binded to the receptors
| -stimulates the receptors but lacks the rush
55
what is a dose?
a biological response to a drug, based on amt of drug administered
56
how are drug dosages expressed?
in milligrams (mg) or by weight (mg/kg)
57
what is the dose response curve? (DRC)
common graph representation of drug effects--> compares potency of drugs
- vertical axis is % of subjects experiencing effects
- horizontal axis is dose
58
will a more potent drug have a curve to the left or right of a less potent drug?
to the left- less dosage will exert more effect
59
what is the ED50 (effective dose)
the dose that produces a response in 50% of subjects
60
what is the LD50 (lethal dose)
the dose that kills 50% of the subjects
61
what is the therapeutic index?
the ratio measuring between the good effects vs the lethal effects
it is the LD50/ ED50
62
would you want a lower or higher ratio of the therapeuitic index?
higher ratio--> greater different between lethal and effective dosage
63
what is the margin of safety?
a more conservative method of the therapeutic index
it is ratio of LD1/ED99
-LD1 : less drug needed to kill 1% of subjects
-ED99: more drug needed to effect 99% of subjects
64
what number will be higher? therapeutic index or margin of safety?
therapeutic index will always be more than margin of safety
65
what is tolerance?
the progressive attenuation (reduction of effect) of a drug effect, due to chronic administration
66
how is tolerance displayed in the dose response curve? DRC
a shift to the right --> requires more dose to achieve same effect
67
what is sensitization?
reverse tolerance; augmentation (increase of effect) of a drug effect
68
how is tolerance displayed in dose response curve?
a shift to the left --> need less dose to acheive same effect
69
cross tolerance/corss sensitization
a change in response to one drug may transfer to other drugs
70
does tolerance occur to the drug or the drug effect?
the drug effect
71
what is physical dependence?
when you get withdrawal syndrome (set of symptoms) when you stop the drug
72
negative reinforcement
doing a behaviour stops an unpleasant event
| ex. taking drug to avoid withdrawal
73
what is addiction called in the DSM ?
substance use disorder
| -mild to moderate to severe
74
what drugs are included in substance use disorders?
alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalents, opiods, sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, other
75
what is the key factor of substance use disorder?
use of drug is continued even though there are significant substance-related problems
76
what are the 4 categories to recognize substance use disorder?
1) impaired control
2) social impairment
3) risky use
4) pharmacological criteria
77
what is impaired control?
cant stop use, take drug in larger amounts than supposed to, daily activities revolve around the substance, craving
78
what is craving?
strong urge to take drug, cant think of anything but that
79
what is social impairment
miss obligations, give up social aspects due to drug
80
what is risky use?
physically dangerous, knows drug is bad but continues use
81
what is pharmacological criteria?
tolerance, withdrawal, etc
82
do tolerance and/or withdrawal have to be present in order to diagnose addiction?
no, neither
83
how is addiction severity measured?
criteria met
mild: 2- 3
moderate: 4 - 5
severe: 6+
84
substance induced disorders
a reverseable syndrome that is due to a recent ingestion of the drug ex. intoxication
85
what class of drug is included in SID's thats not considered SUD?
caffeine
86
how are drugs eliminated from the body?
the skin, the lungs, the kidneys
87
what is sour alcohol breath?
when small % of alcohol is exhaled
88
what is most effective way body eliminates drugs?
kidneys--> urine, after liver metabolizes drug
89
what does metabolization in the liver do to the molecules?
makes them less lipid soluble, larger, and inactive--> less likely to be reabsorbed into the blood once in kidneys
90
renal reabsorption
depends on pH
91
if urine is acidic, what will be excreted ??
weak bases (they become ionized in the opposite ph and are stuck in the urine)
92
if urine is basic, what will be excreted?
weak acids (they become ionized in the opposite ph and are stuck in the urine)
93
what is elimination half life (t 1/2))
the time needed for half the drug dose to be eliminated from the body
94
how many half lives are considered to be 'drug free'
6 half lives--> 98.4%
95
what is the steady state concentration?
used medically, 6x time for half life of drug
96
what separates the pre and post synaptic elements?
the synaptic cleft (tine space)
97
what does an AP do?
release neurotransmitter from presyn. element
98
how does neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft?
binds to receptors on post syn,. (transmembrane proteins)
99
what are precursor substances?
AA's available in diet to make neurotransmitters
100
what are synthesizing aents?
use precusors to put together transmitters
101
where are neurotransmitters stored?
in the presyn. in vesicles
