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zDrugs 2020 > Stimulant Effects > Flashcards

Stimulant Effects Flashcards

1
Q

all stimulant drugs have same effects. with one exception:

A

cocaine: it has local anaesthesia effect and vasoconstriction

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2
Q

t/f: cocaine is considered a medical drug that can be used in surgery

A

true, can control bleeding

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3
Q

what nervous system do all stimulants act upon?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

what physiological symptoms are assoc. with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight mode: ^ HR, ^ body temp, ^BP, ^ breathing, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation

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5
Q

what is the result of combining alcohol and cocaine?

A

the breakdown of both in the body produces a metabolite called cocaethylene

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6
Q

what effect does cocaethylene have on the body?

A

extends duration of cocaine and ^ BP and HR

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7
Q

what is the ^ rate of death risk if alcohol and cocaine are consumed together?

A

25x

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8
Q

which has higher euphoric effects? cocaine or cocaethylene

A

cocaethylene

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9
Q

why do some use cocaine to self-medicate for depression?

A

the drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine

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10
Q

what does psychomotor stimulant mean?

A

they increase motor behaviour

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11
Q

what are the 3 psychomotor stimulants?

A

cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine

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12
Q

how are behavioural effects measured in modern day?

A

with high technology

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13
Q

what is the cost of using high technology to measure behavioural effects?

A

lose qualitative description of motor effects

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14
Q

what are the five qualitative rating scale qualities?

A 
hyperactive
slow patterned 
fast patterned 
in place, restricted
dyskinetic, convulsive
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15
Q

what are stereotypies?

A

reptitive, ritualistic and nonfunctional behaviours

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16
Q

what rating scale do stereotypies fall under?

A

the ‘in place, restricted’ observation

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17
Q

what is the hyperactive phase?

A

^ in motor behaviour, running, jerking changes of position, NO pattern

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18
Q

what is the slow patterned phase?

A

slower and pattern appears

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19
Q

what is the fast patterned phase?

A

pace increases, pattern remains, but sudden stops and starts

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20
Q

what is the in place restricted phase?

A

patterns alternate bt long times of staying in one place and doing repetitive movements

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21
Q

what is the dyskinetic, convulsive phase?

A

jumping in place, going backwards, convulsions, death

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22
Q

what causes the stimulant effects on drug users?

A

release and blocking reuptake of dopamine overall increases dopamine activity

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23
Q

t/f: stimulants cannot treat illnesses like ADD

A

yes

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24
Q

what % of children below age 7 have ADD?

A

5%

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25
Q

what % of adults keep having ADD after childhood?

A

2.5% (half of children who have it)

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26
Q

what are the 2 clusters of symptoms of ADD?

A

inability to focus, and hyperactivity/impulsiveness

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27
Q

can ADD clusters work in conjunction or are they mutually exclusive?

A

they can have both in conjunction

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28
Q

who diagnosed ADD in 1902 before it was even discovered?

A

Sir george frederick

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29
Q

how was it discovered that stimulants can treat ADD?

A

accidentally -while doing spinal taps on ADD children to investigate symptoms, they got headaches after the procedure (normal). but the treatment for headaches (Benzedrine) ended up controlling the ADD problems as well

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30
Q

what year were stimulants discovered to treat ADD?

A

1937

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31
Q

what is the % that stimulants are effective in the treatment of ADD?

A

80% effective

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32
Q

what kinds of stimulants are used to treat ADD?

A

methylphenidate, amphetamine, and methamphetamine

33
Q

do the patients abuse ADD meds?

A

no, but others use it for recreational use

34
Q

what demographic seeks ADD meds out for recreation use?

A

university students to work/study longer

35
Q

what is the % of uni students who use stims like adderall (amphetamine)?

A

10%

36
Q

what are the risk factors to being likely to use stims recreationally?

A

white, being in a frat, lower grades, substance abuse, or being in a competitive program

37
Q

what is the pattern seen in animal testing for stimulants?

A

rapid ^ of dose to the point of peak (convulsions, seizures, etc) and then period of no response bc of exhaustion, then repeat with high dose

38
Q

what does evidence about tolerance to stimulants show?

A

conflicting evidence!

39
Q

do stimulants have tolerance or reverse tolerance?

A

both??? many effects have reverse tolerance (aka get more potent as you go on) but some effects show tolerance

40
Q

what is the conclusion about stimulants effects and chronic administration?

A

rewarding effects of the stimulants intensify with chronic use

41
Q

what is one limitation to studying stimulants in the clinic?

A

‘chronic use’ in the clinic is spaced a day apart, whereas street use is often every 30 minutes : shorter intervals

42
Q

what happens if one takes stimulants at very short intervals?

A

acute depletion of dopamine

43
Q

what is acute depletion of dopamine?

A

neurons cant synthesize enough dopamine to keep up with release

44
Q

what is the result of acute depletion of dopamine?

A

the cocaine blues- happens within that session of use

45
Q

what stimulant effect clearly shows tolerance?

A

anorectic effect (reduced appetite)

46
Q

what are the conditions for the anorectic effect of stimulants to show tolerance?

A

constant presentation of the stimulant and food to starving animals

47
Q

what is the contingent tolerance procedure?

A

when all conditions (drug, food, and hungry rat) must be present for tolerance to develop

48
Q

what do these studies of tolerance say about adaption?

A

adaption forms if all conditions are constantly present, otherwise the situation would not trigger the tolerance development

49
Q

what is sensitization?

A

effect of a drug increases over repeated administrations

50
Q

do stimulants have more tolerance or sensitization development?

A

stimulants develop more sensitization

51
Q

what is the best display of sensitization in behavioural activating effects of stimulants?

A

one dose of a stim. rates low o the behavioural activation scale will progress to more intense behaviour if continuously administered.

52
Q

what shift in the dose response curve for stimulants?

A

shifts left on the dose response curve

53
Q

to get an increasing effect, do you have to increase dose amt or just frequency of dose?

A

just frequency of dose; sensitization= small doses begin acting like bigger doses as they build sensitization to the stimulant

54
Q

why is sensitization considered dangerous when it comes to drugs?

A

using it on a regular basis, produces stronger and dangerous effects (even lethal)

55
Q

what is the trade name of Methylphenidate?

A

Ritalin

56
Q

does sensitization occur to the behavioural effects of Ritalin?

A

yes, but only in animals as its more concentrated

57
Q

what does pavlovian conditioning have to do with sensitization to stimulants?

A

predrug cues elicit a drug-like response that might combine on the actual drug effect, leading to sensitization

58
Q

what was the result of experiements regarding conditioning and sensitization of stims?

A

animals tested with drug cues had a sensitized response, animals tested without drug cues acted like they were receiving it for the first time

59
Q

what did animals in placebo experiment conditioning/sensitization do?

A

animals expecting to get a stim from the cue but got a placebo had behavioural activation conditioned responses

60
Q

what is stimulant psychosis?

A

an episode of psychotic, schizo-like behaviour from stimulants

61
Q

what causes stimulant psychosis?

A

single admin. of high dose, but MOST LIKEly is binging (many doses after another) or regular chronic doses

62
Q

where was the first documented stimulant psychosis seen?

A

japan after ww2

63
Q

what are the characteristics of stimulant psychosis?

A

alternates between extreme emotion and blinted affect, hallucinations, paranoia

64
Q

what are speed/crank bugs?

A

the feeling of insects crawling under their skin, will pick at the skin

65
Q

what is formication syndrome?

A

tactile hallucination, the feeling of having bugs under the skin

66
Q

what did freud call formication syndrome?

A

white snakes under the skin

67
Q

what disorder does stimulant psychosis induce in users?

A

OCD behaviours, equal to the stereotypies in the behaviour rating scale in clinical studies

68
Q

t/f: ppl with preexisting psychotic tendencies are more likely to develop stimulant psychosis

A

true

69
Q

what activity in the brain does stimulants increase?

A

increases dopamine activity

70
Q

what is stimulant use disorder (DSMV)

A

stim dependence is harmful to health, family and social life

71
Q

is withdrawal syndrome required for DSM V to diagnose stimulant withdrawal syndrome?

A

no, not req. for a diagnosis

72
Q

do stimulants produce withdrawal symptoms?

A

debated, but regardless it makes ppl have problems if abused

73
Q

what is drug craving?

A

urges to take the drug, bc of withdrawal symptoms or wanting to experience it again, obsessive thinking about the drug, and anxiety surrounding the topic

74
Q

what other aspect of drug abuse is related to craving?

A

relapse

75
Q

what are drug cravings triggered by?

A

stimuli that were prev. assoc. with taking the drug/experiencing drug effects

76
Q

how does an abstinent drug user respond to being shown the trigger stimuli?

A

experience cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and strong desire to get the drug

77
Q

what did PET scan studies show about stimulant user brain activity when reacting to triggers?

A

brain functioning changed when exposed to stimulant related triggers

78
Q

what drug are majority of stimulant studies done with?

A

cocaine, some methamphetamine

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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