Hallucinogens/Designer Drugs

Question 1

where does the word hallucinogen come from?

Answer 1

latin, alucinere ‘ to wander in the mind’

Question 2

what is the DSM 5 definition of halliucination

Answer 2

sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality but occurs without the stimulation from relevant sensory organ

Question 3

what are other terms for hallucinogens?

Answer 3

psychedelics, illusinogens, deliriants

Question 4

how many categories of chemically different hallucinogens are there?

Answer 4

four

Question 5

what are the categories of hallucinogens based upon?

Answer 5

neurotransmitter chars, and a final misc. group

Question 6

what are the 4 categories of hallucinogens?

Answer 6

1) cholinergic
2) serotonergic /5-HT like
3) methylated amphetamines/noradrenergic
4) other hallucinogens (misc.)

Question 7

what did humans first discover from natural sources of hallucinogens?

Answer 7

that they could be used to delirium effects or poison (possibly lethal)

Question 8

what is a reason why plants would have hallucinogenic effects?

Answer 8

protection function - lethal if large quantities consumed

Question 9

what is a cholinergic agonist hallucinogen?

Answer 9

produce greater neural activity in cholinergic NS, by stimulating muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 10

what is the Amantia muscaria also known as?

Answer 10

fly agaric mushroom

Question 11

which hallucinogen was used by vikings to induce ‘agitated raging’ for raiding ‘berserkers’?

Answer 11

fly agaric mushroom

Question 12

what 2 substances are found in amantia muscaria?

Answer 12

ibotenic acid (metabolizes to muscazone) and muscimole

Question 13

how did Siberian tribes ingest amantia muscaria?

Answer 13

ingesting urine of someone who had consumed mushrooms

Question 14

what are the early symptoms of amantia?

Answer 14

euphoria, humour

Question 15

what are the peak symptoms of amantia?

Answer 15

detachment from reality, feeling of power, illusions of grandeur

Question 16

what are the negative symptoms of amantia?

Answer 16

diarrhea, sweating, abdominal pain, coma, convultions, potentially death

Question 17

what is Ibogaine?

Answer 17

a plant from Gabon, central africa

Question 18

low doses of ibogaine induces what effect for african hunters?

Answer 18

stimulant to increase endurance for long food searching treks

Question 19

what is the main psychoactive substance in ibogaine?

Answer 19

ibotenic acid

Question 20

what was ibogaine thought to help with?

Answer 20

meditation and unlocking repressed childhood memories

Question 21

how did heroin addicts perceive ibogaine?

Answer 21

as a healing mechanism to help quit heroin

Question 22

what does schedule 1 classification mean?

Answer 22

the drug has a high potential for abuse and has no medical value

Question 23

what is a cholinergic antagonist hallucinogen?

Answer 23

blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors to create hallucinogenic effects

Question 24

what is atropa belladonna?

Answer 24

deadly nightshade

Question 25

what is atropine

Answer 25

an alkaloid of atropa belladonna

Question 26

where did the name for atropa belladonna come from?

Answer 26

atropa- fate from greek myth, represents poison/death | belladonna- beautiful women with large pupils

Question 27

how does atropine work on the body?

Answer 27

it blocks cholinergic receptors, reduces neural activity there

Question 28

low dose of atropine causes what kind of symptoms?

Answer 28

dilated pupils, loss of balance, blurry vision, suffocating feeling, dry throat, etc

Question 29

high dose of atropine causes what kind of symptoms?

Answer 29

hallucinations, erotic dreams, sensation of flying, etc

Question 30

can atropine be dangerous at high doses?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what is datura stramonium also known as?

Answer 31

known as jimsonweed, jamestown weed, or thorn apple

Question 32

what cholinergic antagonists are found in datura stramonium?

Answer 32

all three: atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine

Question 33

which hallucinogen was used by witches to get a sense of flying?

Answer 33

datura -scopolamine and atropine have weightlessness effects

Question 34

which hallucinogen was used in the 70s to treat asthma

Answer 34

datura and atropa

Question 35

what are the low dose effects of datura?

Answer 35

drowsiness, dream-like state, euphoria, amnesia

Question 36

what are the high dose effects of datura?

Answer 36

bad hallucinations, delirium, mental confusion

Question 37

what hallucinogenic plant is used for decoration now?

Answer 37

jimsonweed, aka 'Devil's trumpet'

Question 38

what is henbane?

Answer 38

a strong smelling herb from the north

Question 39

what cholinergic antagonists are found in henbane?

Answer 39

scopolamine and hyoscyamine

Question 40

what is the mandragora officinarum commonly known as?

Answer 40

the mandrake

Question 41

what cholinergic antagonists are found in a mandrake?

Answer 41

atropine, scopolamine, and hyosyamine

Question 42

what is the myth behind the mandrake?

Answer 42

anywhere a hanged man's semen fell it would grow

Question 43

what is the low dose effect of a mandrake?

Answer 43

depressernt, sedative hypnotic effect

Question 44

what is the high dose effect of a mandrake?

Answer 44

hallucinations, delirium, etc