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zDrugs 2020 > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

what is the dominant view of alcoholism?

A

it is a chronic disease -cant be cured unless pure abstinence is practiced

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2
Q

when was the concept of alcoholism as a disease first introduced?

A

1960, jellinek wrote a book about it

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3
Q

what greek letter did jellinek define a true alcoholic by?

A

gamma- the indv. with the disease alcoholism

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4
Q

what was the criteria to be a gamma drinker?

A

1) if someone with alcoholism doesnt stop drinking they will have severe mental and physical effects
2) drinker experiences ‘loss of control’ when drinking (cant control how many they have)

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5
Q

what is the correct term? recovering or recovered alcoholic?

A

recovering- never can be fully recovered (like diabetic)

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6
Q

what is the only solution when looking at alcoholism as a disease?

A

total and complete abstinence

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7
Q

what is alcoholics anonymous? (AA)

A

a self help group that focuses on complete abstinence

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8
Q

how was AA founded?

A

in 1935, by 2 alcoholics, Dr. bob and bill

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9
Q

how many steps are in the AA program?

A

twelve principles

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10
Q

what is the alternative to abstinence as the only treatment to alcoholism?

A

reduced and controlled drinking

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11
Q

why is reduced/controlled a better solution?

A

1) drinkers avoid treatment bc fear of abstinence
2) 80% of americans think not drinking is anti-social
3) becoming abstinent doesnt fix all your life problems
4) teaching the ‘one drink away from drunk’ philosophy might be a self fulfilling prophecy

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12
Q

what hypothesis is the treatment of reduced/controlled drinking based in?

A

drinking is a learned behaviour shaped by reinforcement, and can be controlled by changing the sources of reinforcement

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13
Q

who did studies on alcoholism can be modified by reinforcement in the 60’s and 70s?

A

mello and mendelson pg 55

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14
Q

how did delay in reward affect abstinence?

A

most only sought immediate gratification

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15
Q

what happened if there were rewards given regardless f amount of alcohol consumed?

A

drinkers had no motive to control their drinking

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16
Q

what did the study regarding loss of control being due to expectancies of alcohol result in?

A

telling the ppl there was alcohol in beverage = ^ consumption, ^ intoxication, ^ in withdrawal symptoms

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17
Q

who did the groundbreaking research on controlled drinking?

A

mark and linda sobell, patton state hospital

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18
Q

what did the controlled drinking study reveal about alcoholism?

A

that controlled drinking program was more effective in the long term

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19
Q

what is harm reduction approach to drug use?

A

where you use strategies to reduce level of drinking, though abstinence is ideal its more realistic

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20
Q

what are knockout animals in science?

A

where specific genes can be turned on or off to determine genetic differences

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21
Q

what three strains of mice were used to test genetic effect on alcoholism?

A

C57BL, DBA, BALB

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22
Q

which mouse strain was more resistant to alcohol and could consume more?

A

C57BL

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23
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

breed high interest rats together, breed low interest rats together, until there becomes two extremes (avoid alcohol or prefer alcohol over water)

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24
Q

what are the two kinds of rats developed from selective breeding?

A

alcohol accepting- AA

alcohol non accepting- ANA

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25
Q

what other kinds of selectively bred rats exist for the study of alcoholism?

A

SS- short sleep -not affected by alcohol
LS- very affected by alcohol
WSR- withdrawal seizure resistent- no withdrawal
WSP -withdrawal seizure prone -bad withdrawal

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26
Q

what interesting attribute do alcohol preferring rats display?

A

they prefer saccharine solutions (ie. sweet tooth)

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27
Q

are alcohol preferring rats less or more sensitive to alcohol?

A

less sensitive, more tolerant

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28
Q

t/f: alcoholics display a sweet tooth phenomenon

A

true

29
Q

what kind of knockout mice had reduced reinforcement from alcohol?

A

CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockouts

30
Q

what kind of knockout mice drank less alcohol and were less effected?

A

lacked serotonin receptors

31
Q

t/f: knockout mice missing mu opiate receptors showed more evidence of alcohol reinforcement

A

false; less reinforcement from alcohol

32
Q

what 3 studies determine heritability of a characteristic?

A

family, twin, and adoption studies

33
Q

t/f: one or both alcoholic parent will increase liklihood to be alcoholics

A

true

34
Q

est. rate for alcoholic sons to develop vs daughters

A

50% vs 10%

35
Q

what is concordance in twin studies?

A

the similarity of a characteristic between twins (identical will be more similar than fraternal)

36
Q

what is the formula for calculating heritability?

A

heritability= 2 (r MZ - r DZ)
MZ: monozygotic aka identical
DZ: dizygotic aka fraternal

37
Q

what is the concordance rate for identical twins?

A

60%

38
Q

what is the concordance rate for fraternal twins?

A

25%

39
Q

what is the total heritability estimate for alcoholism?

A

70%

40
Q

there are 2 kinds of alcoholism, what are they?

A

1) type 1 -nonfamilial (environmental AND genetic), mental illness related, after age 25
2) type 2 - familial (inherited), mostly males, before age 25

41
Q

which type of alcoholic is thought to be the ‘gamma’ alcoholic?

A

type 2 -familial

42
Q

are adopted children away from alcoholic parents at any less risk for developing alcoholism?

A

nope

43
Q

what are trait markers?

A

chars that determine if a person is at risk for developing alcoholism

44
Q

what are the two options of trait markers?

A

positive family history (FH+)
or
negative family hisotry (FH-)

45
Q

is there a difference between alcohol absorption in FH+ AND FH- people?

A

nope

46
Q

which FH person has slower breakdown of acetyaldehyde?

A

FH+, have higher blood acetaldehyde levels

47
Q

what contributes to FH+ having more ‘flushing’ reaction to alcohol?

A

slower breakdown of acetyaldehyde

48
Q

why are certain ethnic groups protected from alcoholism?

A

the flushing effect

49
Q

what is the p300?

A

a +ve voltage that happens 300 msec after seeing a stimulus

50
Q

what is the p300 associated with?

A

the oddball effect

51
Q

do FH+ or FH- have a faster recovery time for p300?

A

FH+

52
Q

which family history is less affected by alcohol?

A

FH+ are less affected

53
Q

what is the stress dampening effect?

A

a bodily reaction to a stimulus (ex. shock) is dampened by alcohol

54
Q

which group shows greater stress dampening effect from alcohol?

A

FH+ (it dampens stress more than FH-)

55
Q

what did william c sullivan find when studying babies of alcoholic and non alcoholic babies?

A

the infant death/stillbirth rate was 2 1/2 x higher for alcoholics

56
Q

what does fetal alcohol syndrome FAS entail?

A

facial abnormalities, fetal growth deficiency, behaviour/development delays, mental retardation/CNS problems

57
Q

what are facial abnormalities seen in FAS?

A

bulging forehead, narrow upper lip, unparallel ears, upturned nose, short eye slits

58
Q

what trimester do facial abnormalities occur?

A

first trimester

59
Q

what trimester affects fetal growth?

A

last trimester- affects birth weight and length

60
Q

what behavioural attribute is common in FAS children?

A

hyperactivity

61
Q

t/f: learning and memory are impaired by prenatal alcohol

A

true

62
Q

what % of FAS children score 2 SD below mean IQ?

A

85%

63
Q

what trimester affects IQ and brain development?

A

first trimester

64
Q

what is the rate of FAS children in live births?

A

10 out of 1000 births

65
Q

what is the # of daily drinks where risk for FAS increases?

A

6 standard drinks

66
Q

what # of drinks has been assoc. with cognitive deficits?

A

2 drinks a day

67
Q

why does binge drinking increase risk of FAS?

A

the increased BAC level

68
Q

what is the % of pregnant women that drink any alcohol?

A

20%

69
Q

what is the % of pregnant women who binge drink?

A

4%

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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