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zDrugs 2020 > Inhalants > Flashcards

Inhalants Flashcards

1
Q

what does Ether mean?

A

‘heavenly’ in greek

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2
Q

what is sweet vitriol?

A

distilled alcohol and sulphuric acid combined

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3
Q

who created sweet vitriol/ether?

A

Lullius, in Spain 1275

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4
Q

when did ether begin to be used recreationally?

A

1700s

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5
Q

how is ether consumed?

A

inhaled or drunk

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6
Q

t/f: ether is difficult to consume

A

true, it burns the mouth and induces vomiting

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7
Q

what are hoffman’s drops?

A

3pt alcohol, 1pt ether -a popular ‘medical’ tonic

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8
Q

who used hoffmans drops?

A

women in the 1800s bc they werent allowed to consume alcohol in public

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9
Q

what was ether considered a substitute for in short supply times?

A

alcohol

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10
Q

when was ether mostly abused?

A

1920’s during prohibition

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11
Q

what does penny drunk mean?

A

ppl could get drunk off tablespoons of ether instead of alcohol for 1 penny each spoonful

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12
Q

is ether abuse common in modern day?

A

no its very rare

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13
Q

when was chloroform synthesized?

A

1931 by Guthrie

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14
Q

what is more potent, ether or chloroform?

A

Chloroform is more potent

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15
Q

what is Nitrous oxide more commonly known as?

A

laughing gas

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16
Q

who discovered N2O in 1776?

A

Priestly

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17
Q

what is the chemical name of Nitrous oxide?

A

N20

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18
Q

what is the effect of laughing gas?

A

euphoria for several minutes, analgesia, dreaminess, feeling like flying

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19
Q

what are whippets?

A

commercial cans of N2O used in restaurants for whipped cream

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20
Q

when was laughing gas at peak use?

A

60s and 70s, declined in 80s

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21
Q

what is the street name for laughing gas?

A

hippie or hippie crack

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22
Q

what is the one danger of nitrous oxide?

A

hypoxia aka lack of oxygen

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23
Q

what kind of permanent damage occurs if extended exposure to nitrous oxide?

A

permanent peripheral nerve damage

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24
Q

t/f: rats show dependence to laughing gas

A

true

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25
Q

what effect on the brain does nitrous oxide have?

A

increase GABA mediated inhibition

26
Q

what antagonist blocks the effects of nitrous oxide?

A

opiate, explains the analgesia effect of laughing gas

27
Q

what is glycine and how is it affected by inhalants??

A

glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, enhanced by inhalants

28
Q

what do inhalants do to glutamate?

A

reduce the effectiveness of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

29
Q

what kind of household items are used as psychoactive substances?

A

glue, paint thinner, butane, acetone, felt markers, hairspray, frying pan spray, etc

30
Q

what is the substance that make household items prone to abuse?

A

Toluene

31
Q

t/f: gasoline is a solvent inhalant

A

true

32
Q

how are solvents administered?

A

huffing or bagging

33
Q

what is huffing?

A

soaking cloth in the solvent and inhaling

34
Q

what is bagging

A

spraying solvent into a plastic bag and then inhaling

35
Q

t/f: Toluene is not lipid soluble

A

false, its highly lipid soluble

36
Q

what reward system does toluene activate?

A

mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system

37
Q

what effects does toluene induce?

A

eurphoria, hallucinations, and reward effects

38
Q

does toluene show a response in conditioned place preference or self administration in mice?

A

both

39
Q

what is the onset duration of solvents?

A

quick drunk, duration is fast and only lasts an hour

40
Q

what effects do solvents give the user?

A

euphoria, hallucinations, weightlessness, double vision etc

41
Q

can you die from using solvents?

A

yes, many deaths are from muscle weakness or disorientation or seizures that lead to death

42
Q

is tolerance present for solvents?

A

yes, withdrawal symptoms appear in animals

43
Q

who does worse in experiments when compared, cocaine users or solvent users?

A

solvent abusers

44
Q

what area do solvent abusers experience the most brain degeneration?

A

cerebellum

45
Q

what did MRI scans reveal about solvent vs cocaine abusers?

A

more brain problems and degeneration in solvent users

46
Q

what other body areas are damaged by solvents?

A

organs (kidney, liver) and nerve damage (could develop MS)

47
Q

what are the results of fetal solvent syndrome?

A

low birth weight, facial abnormalities similar to FAS, extremity malformations

48
Q

how have companies tried to dissuade youth from sniffing glue?

A

putting irritants in the substance or having a parent there to purchase (but theres too many knock offs they can buy)

49
Q

what are nitrites?

A

yellow flammable liquids that smell fruity

50
Q

when were nitrites first synthesized?

A

1867, used medically

51
Q

what explosive substance are nitrites related to?

A

nitroglycerin

52
Q

what are the names of the 3 kinds of nitrites?

A

amyl, butyl, and isobutyl nitrite

53
Q

where was there evidence of tolerance to nitrites?

A

in workers in explosive manufacturers

54
Q

what nitrite is used as a treatment for angina and cyanide poisoning?

A

amyl nitrite

55
Q

what is the street name of nitrites?

A

poppers (medical form comes in glass you have to break)

56
Q

where are butyl and isobutyl nitrites commonly sold?

A

sex shops

57
Q

what demographic are commercial nitrites assoc. with?

A

gay men

58
Q

what are some names of commercial nitrites?

A

climax, heart on, toilet water, locker room

59
Q

how do nitrites affect blood vessels?

A

they are vasodilators, used to treat heart issues, but also dilates the anus and engorges the penis

60
Q

how long is nitrite duration for libido and sex?

A

onset 30 sec, lasts for about 5 min

61
Q

can you ingest nitrites?

A

no, it reduces oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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